Why should a tourniquet not be left on for a long time before taking blood?
AIt makes the patient's arm grow stronger
BIt can change the results, for example by concentrating the blood
CIt stops the needle from entering the vein because the vein is too hard
DIt makes the blood turn blue in the tube
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Why is heat usually avoided on a fresh soft-tissue injury during the first day?
AIt widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
BIt makes the muscles weaker for several weeks
CIt narrows blood vessels and reduces blood flow to the injury
DIt numbs the area so the patient cannot feel pain
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient has orthostatic hypotension. Which teaching helps to prevent falls?
AGet out of bed quickly so the dizziness passes sooner
BStand up straight after a hot shower to increase blood flow
CSit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing up slowly
DAvoid drinking fluids in the morning to reduce trips to the toilet
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
During bedside handoff, the patient says, “I’m allergic to sulfa drugs,” but no allergy is recorded. What should the nurse do?
AClarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
BTell the patient that sulfa drugs are always safe
CIgnore it, because the electronic record is more reliable than the patient’s memory
DWait until the patient is discharged to update the record
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient with a head injury is being monitored. Which set of findings suggests rising intracranial pressure?
ANormal blood pressure, normal pulse and clear speech
BLow temperature, fast breathing and a strong appetite
CFalling blood pressure, a fast pulse and warm, flushed dry skin
DRising systolic pressure, slow pulse and irregular breathing
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
Which patient with cirrhosis should the nurse see first?
AWants to talk about stopping drinking alcohol for good
BVomiting bright red blood, heart rate 120/min
CLarge ascites that is unchanged from yesterday
DLong-standing jaundice and itchy skin, asking for cream
7.臨床看護学ふつう
During a vesicant chemotherapy infusion, the patient reports burning and swelling at the cannula site. What should the nurse do first?
AStop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
BIncrease the rate so that the infusion finishes as quickly as possible
CFlush the cannula hard with saline
DApply a warm pack and continue the infusion
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
水封式の胸腔ドレーンの管理で正しいものは?
Aこぼれないようにボトルの水を捨てる
B排液ボトルを胸の高さより低く保つ
C移動やベッド移乗のたびに、日常的にチューブをクランプする
D排液を捨てるためボトルを患者より高く持ち上げる
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
How does normal pregnancy usually affect serum creatinine?
AIt rises with every week
BIt stays exactly the same
CIt falls, because GFR rises
DIt rises, because GFR falls
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has fever, confusion, a platelet count of 15 × 10³/µL, anemia with fragmented red cells (schistocytes) and a raised creatinine. Clotting times are normal. Which condition should be suspected?
AImmune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
BVitamin K deficiency with bleeding
CThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
DDisseminated intravascular coagulation
11.薬理学ふつう
Why should loperamide usually be avoided in bloody diarrhoea with fever?
ASlowing the gut may keep bacteria and toxins in the bowel longer
BLoperamide causes severe hypertension when there is an infection
CLoperamide makes the bleeding worse by blocking platelets
DLoperamide is an antibiotic that causes resistance
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on valproate becomes lethargic, starts vomiting and develops jaundice. Which adverse effect should be suspected first?
After chest trauma, a patient is hypotensive with reduced breath sounds on the left. Which finding suggests a haemothorax rather than a tension pneumothorax?
The parents of a 2-year-old worry that she eats much less than she did as a baby. She is growing along her centile. What should the nurse advise?
AEncourage her to finish every meal, even if this takes a long time at the table
BAppetite falls as growth slows; offer small, healthy portions without pressure
CGive extra bottles of milk to make up for the meals she refuses
DThis is a sign of illness and she needs blood tests
22.小児看護むずかしい
Newborn pulse oximetry screening shows 97% in the right hand and 91% in the foot. What does this mean?
AA faulty probe or a cold foot; repeat the whole test at the 6-week check
BA normal result, because foot readings are always lower
CNormal transition; no further checks are needed
DAn abnormal screen that must be followed up promptly under the screening protocol
23.精神看護ふつう
Why is the nurse's body language important in therapeutic communication?
APatients often respond more to non-verbal messages than to the words used
BPatients with mental illness cannot understand non-verbal signals
CIt is only important during the termination phase
DBody language matters only when patients cannot speak the same language
24.精神看護むずかしい
A depressed patient says, "I don't enjoy anything any more, so there's no point in doing anything." Which intervention best reflects behavioural activation?
APlan small, scheduled activities with him and review how he felt afterwards
BTell him that his thoughts are irrational and he should stop thinking that way
CEncourage him to rest in bed as much as possible until the medicine works
DWait until his mood improves before suggesting activities
答え: B · It can change the results, for example by concentrating the blood
これが答えになる理由
Prolonged tourniquet time causes fluid to leave the vessel and can alter results such as potassium and protein. It is applied only as long as needed.
答え
B · It can change the results, for example by concentrating the blood
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · It widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
これが答えになる理由
Heat causes vasodilation, which can worsen swelling and bleeding in an acute injury. Cold is used first; heat may help later with stiffness.
答え
A · It widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Sit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing up slowly
これが答えになる理由
Changing position slowly, dangling the legs first and getting up with help give the circulation time to adjust. Rapid standing, heat and dehydration make orthostatic hypotension worse.
答え
C · Sit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing up slowly
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Clarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
これが答えになる理由
Bedside handoff lets patients correct errors. The nurse asks about the reaction, updates the record and alerts the prescriber and pharmacy so current and future orders can be checked.
答え
A · Clarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Rising systolic pressure, slow pulse and irregular breathing
これが答えになる理由
Cushing’s triad (high systolic pressure with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia and irregular respirations) is a late sign of raised intracranial pressure and needs urgent escalation.
答え
D · Rising systolic pressure, slow pulse and irregular breathing
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Vomiting bright red blood, heart rate 120/min
これが答えになる理由
Vomiting blood with a fast pulse suggests bleeding esophageal varices, which can quickly be fatal. The other findings are chronic or stable.
答え
B · Vomiting bright red blood, heart rate 120/min
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Stop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
これが答えになる理由
Suspected extravasation of a vesicant needs the infusion stopped immediately. Local protocols then guide aspiration through the cannula, specific treatments, elevation, documentation and specialist review.
答え
A · Stop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
In pregnancy, kidney blood flow and GFR rise by about 50%, so creatinine falls below non-pregnant values. A creatinine that looks "normal" for a non-pregnant adult may indicate reduced kidney function in pregnancy.
答え
C · It falls, because GFR rises
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
これが答えになる理由
TTP causes small clots that consume platelets, break red cells (microangiopathic hemolysis) and damage the brain and kidneys, while clotting times usually stay normal. It is an emergency treated with plasma exchange; platelet transfusion is generally avoided.確認に用いた資料:Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
11.薬理学
答え: A · Slowing the gut may keep bacteria and toxins in the bowel longer
これが答えになる理由
In dysentery or suspected C. difficile infection, antimotility drugs may prolong illness and increase complications such as toxic megacolon. The cause is assessed and fluids are replaced first.
答え
A · Slowing the gut may keep bacteria and toxins in the bowel longer
12.薬理学
答え: A · Liver toxicity
これが答えになる理由
Valproate can cause serious hepatotoxicity, especially in young children and early in treatment. Liver function tests are checked, and the drug may need to be stopped; pancreatitis is another serious risk.
答え: B · Dullness to percussion on the affected side
これが答えになる理由
Blood in the pleural space gives a dull percussion note, whereas air gives hyper-resonance. In haemothorax the neck veins are often flat because of blood loss; in tension pneumothorax they are distended. A massive haemothorax needs a large chest drain, blood replacement and surgical review.
Starting thyroid replacement first increases metabolism and cortisol clearance and can trigger an adrenal crisis in a patient with low cortisol. Glucocorticoid replacement is started before levothyroxine.
答え
B · Hydrocortisone
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · To confirm that the vaccine produced immunity
これが答えになる理由
Some people do not develop protective anti-HBs antibodies after vaccination. Testing identifies non-responders, who may need further doses and advice after exposures.
答え
B · To confirm that the vaccine produced immunity
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Prothrombin complex concentrate with IV vitamin K
これが答えになる理由
Major bleeding on warfarin is treated by stopping it and giving prothrombin complex concentrate for rapid reversal with IV vitamin K for a lasting effect. Protamine reverses heparin, not warfarin.
答え
B · Prothrombin complex concentrate with IV vitamin K
答え: B · Appetite falls as growth slows; offer small, healthy portions without pressure
これが答えになる理由
Growth slows after the first year, so toddlers often eat less (sometimes called physiological anorexia). Offering small portions, regular meals and snacks and avoiding battles over food is advised; too much milk can reduce appetite and cause iron deficiency.
答え
B · Appetite falls as growth slows; offer small, healthy portions without pressure
22.小児看護
答え: D · An abnormal screen that must be followed up promptly under the screening protocol
これが答えになる理由
The right hand reflects pre-ductal blood and the foot post-ductal blood. A difference of more than 3%, or a reading below about 95% in both limbs, is an abnormal screen. Depending on the protocol this means a prompt repeat test or immediate medical review, with echocardiography if it persists, because it can signal critical congenital heart disease.
答え
D · An abnormal screen that must be followed up promptly under the screening protocol
23.精神看護
答え: A · Patients often respond more to non-verbal messages than to the words used
これが答えになる理由
Posture, eye contact, facial expression and tone carry much of the message. When words and body language do not match, patients tend to believe the non-verbal message.
答え
A · Patients often respond more to non-verbal messages than to the words used
24.精神看護
答え: A · Plan small, scheduled activities with him and review how he felt afterwards
これが答えになる理由
Behavioural activation is based on the idea that activity improves mood, not the other way round. Scheduling achievable, meaningful activities and reviewing the effect breaks the cycle of withdrawal and low mood.
答え
A · Plan small, scheduled activities with him and review how he felt afterwards
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
合計容量
15 mL × 3 × 14 = 630 mL
ボトル
630/150 = 4.2 → N = 5
答え
N = 5
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.6 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
1000 mg/4 mL = 250 mg/mL
体積
V = 150/250 = 0.6 mL
答え
V = 0.6 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 25 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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