A patient with several days of vomiting and diarrhoea has low blood pressure, low urine output and a rising creatinine. Which description fits best?
AChronic kidney disease, treated with long-term dialysis three times a week
BIntrinsic kidney injury from glomerulonephritis, treated with high-dose steroids
CPost-renal acute kidney injury from obstruction, treated with a catheter
DPre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient taking a statin reports new, unexplained muscle pain and weakness. Which laboratory test would the nurse expect to be ordered?
ASerum ammonia
BSerum lipase
CCardiac troponin
DCreatine kinase (CK)
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with blood pressure that is hard to control has a potassium of 2.9 mEq/L, a sodium of 144 mEq/L and a raised serum bicarbonate, without taking a diuretic. Which condition is most likely?
APrimary adrenal insufficiency
BSyndrome of inappropriate ADH
CCentral diabetes insipidus
DPrimary hyperaldosteronism
11.薬理学ふつう
During adult cardiac arrest, how often is IV adrenaline (epinephrine) usually repeated?
AOnce only, at the start
BEvery 30 seconds
CEvery 3–5 minutes
DEvery 15–20 minutes
12.薬理学むずかしい
500 mg の静注で初期血漿濃度が 10 mg/L になりました。分布容積はいくつですか?
A50 L
B500 L
C5 L
D5000 L
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which investigation is most often used to confirm a pulmonary embolism?
ASputum culture
BPeak flow measurement
CCT pulmonary angiography
DAbdominal ultrasound
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with a stab wound to the chest has a hole that sucks air with each breath. What is the immediate management?
ACover it with a vented chest seal or a dressing taped on three sides
BPack the wound tightly with gauze pushed deep into the chest
CSeal it completely with tape on all four sides and leave it alone
DLeave it open and give a nebuliser
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why is IV calcium gluconate given in severe hyperkalaemia?
AIt protects the heart from arrhythmias
BIt binds potassium in the gut
CIt removes potassium through the kidneys
DIt moves potassium into the cells
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
The nurse has four renal patients. Which one needs to be seen first?
AA patient with mild itching from uraemia who wants a cream
BA patient with a creatinine slightly above their usual level
CA patient with CKD asking about their phosphate binder
DA patient with a potassium of 6.8 mmol/L who reports palpitations
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
A patient on warfarin is booked for elective surgery with a high bleeding risk. What is usual practice?
ATake the usual dose on the morning of surgery
BSwap to aspirin on the morning of surgery
CDouble the dose for a week so the blood is ready for surgery
DStop it about 5 days before and check the INR
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
At the end of an operation, the final count shows one swab missing. What should happen?
AClose the wound, as the swab was probably thrown away
BTell the surgeon, search, and X-ray if it is not found
CLet the patient leave and search the theatre later
DRecord the count as correct to avoid a delay
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Why are pregnant women at increased risk of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis?
AProgesterone dilates the ureters and slows the flow of urine
BThe urine becomes more acidic in pregnancy
CThe bladder empties more completely in pregnancy
DPregnancy greatly reduces the production of urine
答え: D · Explain that they have not been trained and ask for supervision
これが答えになる理由
Nurses and students must only practise within their competence. Saying so, and asking to observe or be supervised, protects the patient and the student.
答え
D · Explain that they have not been trained and ask for supervision
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · 8
これが答えになる理由
Eyes to pain score 2, incomprehensible sounds score 2 and withdrawal from pain scores 4, giving 8. A GCS of 8 or less suggests the patient may not be able to protect their airway.
答え: B · Clarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
これが答えになる理由
Bedside handoff lets patients correct errors. The nurse asks about the reaction, updates the record and alerts the prescriber and pharmacy so current and future orders can be checked.
答え
B · Clarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · “I will use my reliever inhaler and get emergency help straight away.”
これが答えになる理由
A red-zone reading means a severe flare. The patient uses their quick-relief inhaler as in their action plan and seeks emergency care at once.
答え
D · “I will use my reliever inhaler and get emergency help straight away.”
答え: D · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
これが答えになる理由
Fluid loss reduces kidney perfusion, causing pre-renal AKI. Prompt fluid replacement can restore function before the kidney tissue itself is damaged.
答え
D · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Creatine kinase (CK)
これが答えになる理由
Statins can cause myopathy and, rarely, rhabdomyolysis. A raised CK confirms muscle injury, and the provider may stop the statin. The nurse also asks about dark urine, which can signal myoglobin in the urine.確認に用いた資料:Creatine Kinase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答え
D · Creatine kinase (CK)
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Primary hyperaldosteronism
これが答えになる理由
Excess aldosterone causes sodium and water retention (hypertension), potassium loss (hypokalemia) and hydrogen ion loss (metabolic alkalosis). Adrenal insufficiency causes the opposite pattern, with low sodium and high potassium.確認に用いた資料:Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Alkalosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答え
D · Primary hyperaldosteronism
11.薬理学
答え: C · Every 3–5 minutes
これが答えになる理由
In adult advanced life support, adrenaline 1 mg IV or IO is repeated every 3–5 minutes during the arrest. High-quality CPR and defibrillation for shockable rhythms remain the priorities.
CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) shows filling defects in the pulmonary arteries. It uses iodinated contrast, so renal function and contrast allergy are checked. A ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative, for example in pregnancy or renal impairment.
答え
C · CT pulmonary angiography
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Cover it with a vented chest seal or a dressing taped on three sides
これが答えになる理由
An open (sucking) chest wound lets air enter the pleural space. A vented chest seal or a dressing taped on three sides acts as a flap valve, letting air out but not in. A fully sealed dressing can cause a tension pneumothorax. A chest drain is placed away from the wound.
答え
A · Cover it with a vented chest seal or a dressing taped on three sides
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · It protects the heart from arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Calcium stabilises the cardiac cell membrane and reduces the risk of arrhythmias within minutes. It does not change the potassium level, so other treatments are needed to shift and remove potassium.
答え
A · It protects the heart from arrhythmias
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · A patient with a potassium of 6.8 mmol/L who reports palpitations
これが答えになる理由
Severe hyperkalaemia with palpitations may lead to life-threatening arrhythmias and needs an urgent ECG, cardiac monitoring and treatment. The other problems are stable or less urgent.
答え
D · A patient with a potassium of 6.8 mmol/L who reports palpitations
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Stop it about 5 days before and check the INR
これが答えになる理由
Warfarin is usually stopped about 5 days before such surgery, and the INR is checked beforehand. Patients at high clotting risk may be given bridging therapy with a heparin, as planned by the team.
答え
D · Stop it about 5 days before and check the INR
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Tell the surgeon, search, and X-ray if it is not found
これが答えになる理由
Any discrepancy is reported immediately, the wound is checked before closure, the area and waste are searched, and an X-ray is taken if the item is not found. The event is documented and reported.
答え
B · Tell the surgeon, search, and X-ray if it is not found
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Progesterone dilates the ureters and slows the flow of urine
これが答えになる理由
Progesterone relaxes and dilates the ureters, and the growing uterus compresses them, so urine stasis occurs. This makes ascending infection easier, which is why asymptomatic bacteriuria is screened for and treated.
答え
A · Progesterone dilates the ureters and slows the flow of urine
答え: C · Iron poisoning can cause gut bleeding, shock and liver failure hours later
これが答えになる理由
Iron overdose damages the gut lining and disrupts cell metabolism, leading to vomiting, bleeding, shock, acidosis and liver failure, sometimes after a period when the child seems better. Urgent assessment is needed; deferoxamine is used for serious poisoning.
答え
C · Iron poisoning can cause gut bleeding, shock and liver failure hours later
答え: D · "I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
これが答えになる理由
Antipsychotics are continued after symptoms improve, because stopping them early is a major cause of relapse. Any change should be discussed with the prescriber.
答え
D · "I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 105.8 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
41·9/5 = 73.8
32を足す
T = 73.8 + 32 = 105.8 °F
答え
T = 105.8 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 0.3 mg/h
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 5 mcg/min × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 5·60/1000 = 0.3 mg/h
答え
D = 0.3 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 675 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
7.5·90 = 675 mg
答え
D = 675 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 10 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
25000/250 = 100 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 1000/100 = 10 mL/h
答え
R = 10 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 95 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 36 個、1500 ÷ 36 ≈ 42 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.44 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.72 秒、83 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.18 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.14 秒で幅広(0.12 秒以上)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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