A very anxious patient breathes rapidly for a long period. Which change is expected?
AMetabolic acidosis from a low bicarbonate
BRespiratory alkalosis from a low PaCO2
CMetabolic alkalosis from vomiting
DRespiratory acidosis from a high PaCO2
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with diabetes is found confused with slurred speech and weakness on one side. What should the nurse check first?
ACapillary blood glucose
BSerum cholesterol
CUrine output for the last day
DBody mass index
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient has a calcium of 7.0 mg/dL (1.75 mmol/L) and tingling around the mouth. Which nursing measure is most appropriate?
APromote walking to move calcium back into the bone
BPut seizure precautions in place and report the result
CEncourage 3 L of fluid per day to dilute the calcium
DLimit dairy products until the level falls again
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A woman with preeclampsia is receiving IV magnesium sulfate. Her urine output has fallen and her creatinine is rising. Why is this a concern?
AMagnesium is broken down by the liver, so it will stop working soon
BMagnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
CMagnesium causes potassium loss, so the kidneys release more fluid
DPoor kidney function makes the magnesium level fall quickly
11.薬理学ふつう
During a rapid infusion of vancomycin, a patient develops flushing and a red rash on the face, neck and upper body. What is the most likely cause and action?
AAcute kidney failure; stop all IV fluids and antibiotics at once
BA normal effect; increase the infusion rate to finish sooner
CA sign that the infection is spreading; give a second dose
DAn infusion reaction; stop or slow the infusion and inform the prescriber
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on stable warfarin is prescribed a course of metronidazole. What is the likely effect, and what should the nurse expect?
AThe INR rises, so closer INR monitoring is needed
BThe INR stays the same, as these drugs do not interact
CMetronidazole replaces warfarin, so warfarin is stopped
DThe INR falls, so the risk of clotting increases
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How big should a suction catheter be compared with the tracheostomy or endotracheal tube?
ALarger than the tube, so that it clears it completely
BAny size, as the diameter does not matter
CExactly the same diameter as the tube, for a tight fit
DNo more than half the internal diameter of the tube
An 80-year-old with angina is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. How is levothyroxine usually started?
AAt a full dose from the first day
BAs a single large weekly injection
CAt a low dose, increased slowly
DOnly after the angina has been cured
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A day after a total thyroidectomy, a patient has tingling lips, a positive Chvostek's sign and a corrected calcium of 1.85 mmol/L (about 7.4 mg/dL). What does the nurse expect?
AA loop diuretic to remove the extra calcium
BOral levothyroxine, with a recheck of the calcium in a month
CIV potassium chloride and a fluid restriction
DIV calcium gluconate and monitoring for laryngospasm
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why is a urinary catheter usually inserted in a patient with a major burn?
AThe catheter prevents wound infection
BBurns always cause the bladder to rupture
CIt is needed to give medicines into the bladder
DHourly urine output guides fluid resuscitation
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient's platelet count is 18 × 109/L (18,000/µL). Which order should the nurse question?
AAn intramuscular injection
BA soft diet with mouthwashes
CDaily full blood count
DOral paracetamol for headache
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
When the Moro reflex is tested, the baby moves only one arm. What could this suggest?
AA normal finding in all term babies
BHearing loss in the ear on that side
CLow blood glucose only
DA clavicle fracture or nerve injury
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
On abdominal palpation, the nurse feels a hard, round, movable mass in the fundus, and the fetal heart is heard above the umbilicus. What does this suggest?
AAn occiput posterior position
BA transverse lie with the head in the pelvis
CA cephalic presentation
DA breech presentation
21.小児看護ふつう
A 13-year-old has a concussion during a football match. What is the correct advice?
AAvoid all mental and physical activity, including school, for at least 2 months
BReturn to the match as soon as the headache improves
CContinue training as usual unless there was a loss of consciousness
DNo sport that day; return step by step once symptoms have gone
Intramuscular injections are given at 90 degrees so the needle passes through the skin and fat into the muscle. Intradermal injections use about 10–15 degrees.
答え
C · 90 degrees
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Make sure no one is touching the patient
これが答えになる理由
Before the shock the rescuer shouts a warning and checks that everyone is clear. Compressions restart straight after the shock as the AED instructs.
答え
C · Make sure no one is touching the patient
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
これが答えになる理由
Latex proteins can become airborne on glove powder and settle in the room. Using a latex-safe room and supplies and scheduling the patient first, when airborne latex is lowest, reduce the risk.
答え
D · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
これが答えになる理由
Injuries that do not match the history must be reported, and proof is not needed. In the US, nurses are legally mandated reporters; in the UK and many other countries, safeguarding procedures require the concern to be referred to the designated lead or children’s social care. The child’s safety is ensured and the findings are documented factually.
答え
C · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
Hyperventilation blows off CO2, raising the pH. Symptoms can include tingling of the lips and fingers and lightheadedness.
答え
B · Respiratory alkalosis from a low PaCO2
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Capillary blood glucose
これが答えになる理由
Hypoglycaemia can cause focal neurological signs that mimic stroke. A bedside glucose check is quick and should be done in any patient with sudden neurological symptoms.
答え
A · Capillary blood glucose
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
これが答えになる理由
Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and can cause tetany, laryngospasm and seizures. The nurse reports the result, keeps the patient safe with seizure precautions and expects calcium replacement. The other measures fit hypercalcemia.確認に用いた資料:Hypoparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
B · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
これが答えになる理由
Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so falling urine output and rising creatinine raise the risk of toxicity. The nurse checks deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate and level of consciousness, reports the findings and keeps calcium gluconate available as the antidote.確認に用いた資料:Magnesium Toxicity (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答え
B · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
11.薬理学
答え: D · An infusion reaction; stop or slow the infusion and inform the prescriber
これが答えになる理由
Rapid vancomycin infusion releases histamine, causing flushing and itching of the upper body (formerly called "red man syndrome"). It is managed by stopping or slowing the infusion, and sometimes with an antihistamine.
答え
D · An infusion reaction; stop or slow the infusion and inform the prescriber
12.薬理学
答え: A · The INR rises, so closer INR monitoring is needed
これが答えになる理由
Metronidazole inhibits the metabolism of warfarin (mainly via CYP2C9), so warfarin levels and the INR rise. The bleeding risk increases, and the INR is checked more often during and after the course.
答え
A · The INR rises, so closer INR monitoring is needed
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · No more than half the internal diameter of the tube
これが答えになる理由
A catheter no larger than half the internal diameter of the tube lets air enter around it, reducing negative pressure in the lungs, atelectasis and hypoxaemia. Catheter size is often calculated from the tube size.
答え
D · No more than half the internal diameter of the tube
Levothyroxine raises metabolic rate and myocardial oxygen demand. In older people and those with heart disease, a low starting dose that is increased gradually reduces the risk of angina and arrhythmias.
答え
C · At a low dose, increased slowly
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · IV calcium gluconate and monitoring for laryngospasm
これが答えになる理由
Symptomatic hypocalcaemia is treated with IV calcium gluconate, followed by oral calcium and often vitamin D. Severe hypocalcaemia can cause laryngospasm, seizures and arrhythmias, so the airway and ECG are monitored.
答え
D · IV calcium gluconate and monitoring for laryngospasm
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Hourly urine output guides fluid resuscitation
これが答えになる理由
Fluid formulas give an initial estimate; the rate is then adjusted to urine output, typically around 0.5 mL/kg/h in adults, along with other signs of perfusion.
答え
D · Hourly urine output guides fluid resuscitation
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · An intramuscular injection
これが答えになる理由
IM injections can cause haematomas in severe thrombocytopenia. Rectal procedures, NSAIDs and aspirin are also avoided. The nurse checks with the prescriber and the oral or IV route is used where possible.
答え
A · An intramuscular injection
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · A clavicle fracture or nerve injury
これが答えになる理由
The Moro reflex should be bilateral and symmetrical. An absent response on one side suggests clavicle fracture or brachial plexus palsy, both linked with shoulder dystocia and large babies.
答え
D · A clavicle fracture or nerve injury
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · A breech presentation
これが答えになる理由
A hard, round, ballotable head in the fundus means the buttocks are presenting. The fetal heart in breech presentations is usually heard above the umbilicus.
答え
D · A breech presentation
21.小児看護
答え: D · No sport that day; return step by step once symptoms have gone
これが答えになる理由
A child with suspected concussion should never return to play the same day. After a short period of relative rest, a stepwise return to school and then sport is followed, progressing only while symptom-free, with medical review for red flags.
答え
D · No sport that day; return step by step once symptoms have gone
答え: C · Provide a quiet, low-stimulation environment and keep staff and patient safe
これが答えになる理由
PCP can cause agitation, violence, psychosis, nystagmus and hypertension. Reducing stimulation and keeping enough staff present for safety are key; "talking down" is less effective than with other hallucinogens.
答え
C · Provide a quiet, low-stimulation environment and keep staff and patient safe
24.精神看護
答え: B · 振戦せん妄の可能性として扱い、緊急に医療的な助けを求め、処方に従ってベンゾジアゼピン系薬を投与し、安全を確保する
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 40 個、1500 ÷ 40 ≈ 38 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.60 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.80 秒、75 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.14 秒で幅広(0.12 秒以上)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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