A patient who had pituitary surgery has fatigue and cold intolerance. The free T4 is low and the TSH is low. What does this pattern suggest?
ANormal thyroid function with a laboratory error in T4
BHyperthyroidism from overactivity of the thyroid gland
CPrimary hypothyroidism from failure of the thyroid gland
DSecondary (central) hypothyroidism from pituitary failure
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient starting sulfasalazine should be told about which harmless effect?
AWhite spots on the nails
BGreen colouring of the sweat
CBlue colouring of the tongue and gums
DOrange-yellow colouring of the urine
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis has a fever and cough on the day of her next injection. What should the nurse advise?
ADouble the next dose to make up for the infection
BStop the drug permanently without telling the prescriber
CWithhold the injection and get the infection assessed first
DGive the injection, as it will help the fever
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How should a patient breathe in when using a pressurised metered-dose inhaler without a spacer?
AIn short gasps through the nose while pressing the canister
BSlowly and deeply while pressing the canister, then hold the breath
CNormally, while breathing out through the mouthpiece
DAs hard and fast as possible, then press the canister afterwards
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
On the first day after abdominal surgery, a patient has a temperature of 37.8 °C, SpO₂ 93% on air and reduced breath sounds at both bases. They have stayed in bed because of pain. What is the most likely cause and response?
AAtelectasis: give analgesia, deep breathing and mobilisation
BPulmonary oedema: restrict all oral fluids and give a diuretic
CNormal recovery; no action is needed
DWound infection: open the wound fully and swab it for culture
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which measure best detects a decline in breathing in a patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome?
Restrained patients are checked often for circulation, skin and comfort, and the restraint is released at least every 2 hours for movement, toileting, fluids and skin care. Exact intervals follow the facility’s policy.
答え
D · At least every 2 hours
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · The nasal spray is a live vaccine, so the injected inactivated vaccine is used instead
これが答えになる理由
The nasal spray influenza vaccine contains live, weakened virus and is avoided in immunosuppressed people. The inactivated injectable vaccine is safe and recommended for them.
答え
B · The nasal spray is a live vaccine, so the injected inactivated vaccine is used instead
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Stop the infusion and remove the cannula
これが答えになる理由
A cool, pale, swollen site suggests infiltration. The nurse stops the infusion, removes the cannula, elevates the limb and restarts the IV at another site as needed.
答え
D · Stop the infusion and remove the cannula
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Atropine
これが答えになる理由
Atropine is the first-line drug for symptomatic bradycardia. Metoprolol, digoxin and diltiazem slow the heart and would make things worse; pacing may be needed if atropine does not work.
答え: D · Secondary (central) hypothyroidism from pituitary failure
これが答えになる理由
In primary hypothyroidism, a low T4 causes a high TSH. A low T4 with a low or inappropriately normal TSH means the pituitary (or hypothalamus) is not producing enough TSH, so the TSH cannot be used alone to monitor treatment.
答え
D · Secondary (central) hypothyroidism from pituitary failure
11.薬理学
答え: D · Orange-yellow colouring of the urine
これが答えになる理由
Sulfasalazine can colour urine and sometimes skin and contact lenses orange-yellow. More serious adverse effects include blood disorders and rash, so blood counts are monitored.
答え
D · Orange-yellow colouring of the urine
12.薬理学
答え: C · Withhold the injection and get the infection assessed first
これが答えになる理由
TNF inhibitors increase the risk of serious infections and can mask their signs. Doses are usually withheld during an active infection until it has been assessed and treated.
答え
C · Withhold the injection and get the infection assessed first
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Slowly and deeply while pressing the canister, then hold the breath
これが答えになる理由
With a metered-dose inhaler, the patient breathes out, starts a slow deep breath, presses the canister at the start of it and then holds the breath for about 10 seconds. Coordination is difficult, which is why spacers are often used.
答え
B · Slowly and deeply while pressing the canister, then hold the breath
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Atelectasis: give analgesia, deep breathing and mobilisation
これが答えになる理由
Atelectasis is common in the first days after surgery, especially upper abdominal surgery, due to pain, shallow breathing and immobility. It can cause a low-grade fever and reduced basal breath sounds. Good analgesia, deep breathing exercises, coughing with wound support and early mobilisation reverse it and prevent pneumonia.
答え
A · Atelectasis: give analgesia, deep breathing and mobilisation
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Regular forced vital capacity measurements
これが答えになる理由
In Guillain–Barré syndrome, the breathing muscles weaken progressively. A falling vital capacity shows this early, long before oxygen saturation drops. A weak cough and difficulty counting in one breath are other warning signs.
答え: D · Eat more fibre, drink enough fluid and avoid straining
これが答えになる理由
Soft stools reduce straining and pressure on the anal cushions. Long sitting on the toilet and constipating drugs such as codeine should be avoided.
答え
D · Eat more fibre, drink enough fluid and avoid straining
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Low chloride, low potassium and metabolic alkalosis
これが答えになる理由
Loss of gastric acid causes a hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis. Hypokalaemia follows from vomiting and kidney potassium loss as the body tries to save volume. Treatment includes IV saline with potassium.
答え
D · Low chloride, low potassium and metabolic alkalosis
Overheating from heavy wrapping or a heater can raise a newborn's temperature. The nurse removes extra layers, rechecks the temperature soon and assesses for signs of infection if it stays high.
答え
B · Remove extra layers and recheck
21.小児看護
答え: A · Separate them by at least 4 weeks
これが答えになる理由
Two live injected vaccines are given either on the same day or at least 4 weeks apart. A shorter gap can reduce the immune response to the second vaccine.
答え
A · Separate them by at least 4 weeks
22.小児看護
答え: A · Stop feeds and report at once
これが答えになる理由
Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is suspected. Feeds are stopped, the stomach is decompressed, the baby is monitored closely and the medical team is informed urgently for X-ray, antibiotics and possible surgery.
答え: D · Talk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
これが答えになる理由
Signs of financial abuse and neglect require a private conversation, careful documentation and reporting through safeguarding procedures. Confrontation could increase the risk to her.
答え
D · Talk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
50000/500 = 100 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 1500/100 = 15 mL/h
答え
R = 15 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 10 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
60/60 = 1 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 1·10 = 10 gtt/min
答え
R = 10 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 20 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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