ATaking a sterile sample of urine for culture without a catheter
BDetecting kidney stones
CMeasuring how much urine is in the bladder without a catheter
DChecking the urine for blood and protein
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales), a patient with capacity makes a decision staff think is unwise. What follows?
AThe family must be asked to make the decision instead
BStaff may override any decision they think is unwise
CAn unwise decision on its own proves that the person lacks capacity
DAn unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Before a defibrillator shock is delivered, what must the person operating it do?
ACall “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
BHold the patient’s hand to keep them still
CKeep the oxygen mask on the patient’s face, held against the chest
DAsk a colleague to hold the paddles in place
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse notices that the pharmacy has sent the wrong dose and corrects it before giving it. Should the event be reported?
ANo, because reporting near misses only blames the pharmacy staff for nothing
BOnly if the same error happens three times
CNo, because the patient was not harmed
DYes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient speaks little English, and the nurse needs to explain a new procedure. What is the best way to communicate?
AAsk the patient’s 10-year-old child to translate
BUse hand gestures and hope the patient understands
CUse a professional medical interpreter
DSpeak loudly and slowly in English
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A severely malnourished patient started nutrition two days ago and now has weakness and confusion. Which laboratory result should the nurse check first?
ASerum cholesterol
BThyroid hormone
CSerum amylase
DSerum phosphate
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which side effects are common after high doses of salbutamol (albuterol)?
ABradycardia and drowsiness
BConstipation and urinary retention
CHair loss and weight gain
DTremor and a fast heart rate
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why is a patient kept under observation for several hours after successful treatment of anaphylaxis?
ASymptoms can return later in a biphasic reaction
BAntihistamines cause dangerous drowsiness for 24 hours
CThe patient must stay until all allergy tests are complete
DAdrenaline always causes a heart attack hours later
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
When several samples are drawn at the same venipuncture, which tubes or bottles are filled first?
AFluoride (glucose) tubes
BCoagulation (citrate) tubes
CEDTA (complete blood count) tubes
DBlood culture bottles
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on a stable dose of levothyroxine now has a TSH of 9.8 mIU/L. She recently started taking her calcium and iron supplements with her morning levothyroxine. What is the most likely explanation?
AThe result is normal for a person on levothyroxine therapy
BThe TSH is low, showing that the dose is now too high
CThe supplements are reducing levothyroxine absorption
DThe supplements are causing an overactive thyroid gland
11.薬理学ふつう
Which blood test is used to monitor warfarin therapy?
APlatelet count
BINR (prothrombin time)
CActivated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
DSerum albumin
12.薬理学むずかしい
In myxoedema coma, why is hydrocortisone often given before or with thyroid hormone?
AHydrocortisone makes thyroid hormone work faster
BHydrocortisone prevents the hypoglycaemia caused by levothyroxine
CThyroid hormone can trigger adrenal crisis if cortisol is also low
DThyroid hormone is inactive unless hydrocortisone is given
答え: C · Measuring how much urine is in the bladder without a catheter
これが答えになる理由
A bladder scanner uses ultrasound to estimate bladder volume, for example after a patient has voided. It helps detect retention and avoids unnecessary catheterisation.
答え
C · Measuring how much urine is in the bladder without a catheter
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
これが答えになる理由
One of the Act's principles is that a person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision. Staff can explain risks, but the decision is the patient's.
答え
D · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
これが答えになる理由
Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.
答え
A · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
これが答えになる理由
Near misses show where errors can slip through and are reported in the same way as errors that reach the patient. Learning from them prevents future harm.
答え
D · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Use a professional medical interpreter
これが答えになる理由
Professional interpreters give accurate, confidential translation of medical information. Family members, especially children, may leave things out and should not be used for important explanations.
答え
C · Use a professional medical interpreter
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Serum phosphate
これが答えになる理由
In refeeding syndrome, a sudden change to carbohydrate metabolism moves phosphate, potassium and magnesium into cells. Low phosphate can cause weakness, confusion, heart failure and breathing problems.
答え
D · Serum phosphate
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Tremor and a fast heart rate
これが答えになる理由
Salbutamol is a beta2-agonist and can cause tremor, tachycardia and palpitations. High doses can also lower serum potassium.
答え
D · Tremor and a fast heart rate
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Symptoms can return later in a biphasic reaction
これが答えになる理由
Some patients have a second wave of symptoms hours after the first, called a biphasic reaction. Observation, an adrenaline auto-injector where indicated and allergy referral are part of safe discharge.
答え
A · Symptoms can return later in a biphasic reaction
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Blood culture bottles
これが答えになる理由
Blood cultures are drawn first to reduce contamination. A standard order of draw then follows (citrate, serum, heparin, EDTA, fluoride), which prevents additives being carried from one tube into the next and distorting results.
答え
D · Blood culture bottles
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · The supplements are reducing levothyroxine absorption
これが答えになる理由
Calcium, iron and antacids bind levothyroxine in the gut and reduce absorption, so the TSH rises. Levothyroxine is taken on an empty stomach, usually 30–60 minutes before breakfast, separated from these supplements by about 4 hours.
答え
C · The supplements are reducing levothyroxine absorption
11.薬理学
答え: B · INR (prothrombin time)
これが答えになる理由
Warfarin is monitored with the INR, a standardised prothrombin time. For most indications, such as atrial fibrillation or venous thrombosis, the target is usually 2–3.
答え
B · INR (prothrombin time)
12.薬理学
答え: C · Thyroid hormone can trigger adrenal crisis if cortisol is also low
これが答えになる理由
Restoring thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate and cortisol clearance. If adrenal reserve is also low, this can precipitate adrenal crisis, so steroid cover is given until adrenal insufficiency is excluded.
答え
C · Thyroid hormone can trigger adrenal crisis if cortisol is also low
答え: C · Stop it at that site, inform the team and follow the extravasation policy
これが答えになる理由
Extravasated noradrenaline causes intense local vasoconstriction and tissue necrosis. The infusion is stopped at that site (with a plan to continue elsewhere, since the patient depends on it), the team is informed and the local extravasation protocol is followed. Vasopressors are given through a central line where possible.
答え
C · Stop it at that site, inform the team and follow the extravasation policy
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · It is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
これが答えになる理由
Concentrated potassium given quickly can cause fatal arrhythmias. IV potassium is given in a diluted, ready-made solution through an infusion pump at a controlled rate, with monitoring of potassium and, at higher rates, the ECG.
答え
D · It is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · The cerebral perfusion pressure is 55 mmHg, below the usual target
これが答えになる理由
CPP = MAP − ICP, so 80 − 25 = 55 mmHg. A CPP below about 60 mmHg risks brain ischaemia. The team will act to lower the ICP and support the MAP.
答え
B · The cerebral perfusion pressure is 55 mmHg, below the usual target
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · New diarrhoea or abdominal pain
これが答えになる理由
Checkpoint inhibitors can cause immune-mediated colitis, pneumonitis, hepatitis, skin reactions and endocrine problems. Early reporting allows grading and treatment, often with corticosteroids.
答え: D · Eat dry crackers before rising and eat small meals
これが答えになる理由
Eating something dry before rising, small frequent meals, and drinking fluids between rather than with meals reduce nausea. Fatty and spicy foods tend to worsen it.
答え
D · Eat dry crackers before rising and eat small meals
答え: C · To prevent lumpy fatty areas that absorb insulin unpredictably
これが答えになる理由
Injecting repeatedly into the same spot causes lipohypertrophy, thickened fatty lumps where insulin absorption is erratic. Rotating within and between sites keeps absorption more predictable.
答え
C · To prevent lumpy fatty areas that absorb insulin unpredictably
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
105.5 − 32 = 73.5
5/9を掛ける
T = 73.5·5/9 = 40.83 ≈ 40.8 °C
答え
T = 40.8 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: c = 412 mg/dL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
c = 22.9·18 = 412.2 ≈ 412 mg/dL
答え
c = 412 mg/dL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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