What is the purpose of a negative-pressure isolation room?
AAir flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
BThe low pressure kills bacteria inside the room
CAir flows out of the room, keeping germs from the corridor away from the patient
DIt makes it easier for patients to breathe
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A nurse develops vomiting and diarrhoea during a norovirus outbreak. When can they usually return to work (UK guidance)?
A48 hours after the symptoms have stopped
BAfter a full week, whatever the symptoms
CThe next shift, if they feel well enough
DAs soon as the vomiting stops
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
hydrOXYzine と hydrALAZINE のような「トールマン表記」の目的は何ですか?
A商品名を示すこと
B似た名前の薬を見分けやすくすること
C薬の規格(含量)を示すこと
D2つの薬のうちどちらがハイリスク薬かを示すこと
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Which patient with a suspected infection meets at least two SIRS criteria?
ATemperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
BRespiratory rate 16/min and WBC 8,000/mm3
CTemperature 37.2 °C and heart rate 80/min
DTemperature 36.8 °C and respiratory rate 18/min
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A conscious patient with hypoglycemia drank juice 15 minutes ago. The glucose is now 62 mg/dL (3.4 mmol/L). What should the nurse do next?
AWait another hour, because juice can take a long time to work
BGive another serving of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
CGive the next scheduled dose of rapid-acting insulin with the meal
DRecord the result and recheck the glucose at the usual time before the evening meal
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A child is admitted with a suspected Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma). Which instruction is most important for all staff?
AMeasure abdominal girth by pressing firmly
BGive a warm bath with abdominal massage
CEncourage the child to play contact sports
DDo not palpate the abdomen
7.臨床看護学ふつう
What is the most common cause of hypernatraemia in frail older inpatients?
AToo much exercise
BNot drinking enough water
CEating too much salt in one meal
DTaking too many vitamins
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
抗凝固薬を使用中の患者が転倒して頭を打ちましたが、元気そうに見えます。正しい対応は?
A医師の診察と、おそらく CT 検査を手配し、神経学的観察を行う
B抗凝固薬を追加で投与する
C元気そうなので何もしない
D観察なしで眠るよう勧める
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
How often is the INR usually checked when warfarin is first started?
AOnly if bleeding occurs at home
BOnce a year, at a routine visit
CEvery hour, during the first week
DEvery few days, until it is stable
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with long-term heavy alcohol use is admitted with alcohol withdrawal. Which group of electrolyte problems is most common?
ALow chloride, high bicarbonate and high calcium
BHigh magnesium, high phosphate and high potassium
CLow magnesium, low phosphate and low potassium
DHigh sodium, high calcium and high glucose
11.薬理学ふつう
Why are many drugs started at lower doses in older adults?
AOlder adults absorb no drugs from the stomach
BKidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
CLower doses are cheaper for older patients
DOlder adults always weigh more than younger adults, so drugs last longer
12.薬理学むずかしい
プロベネシドは血漿ペニシリン濃度を上げるために使われてきました。どのようにしてそうするのですか?
A小腸からのペニシリンの吸収を増やす
B腎臓でのペニシリンの尿細管分泌を遮断する
C肝臓でのペニシリンの代謝を阻害する
Dペニシリンを血漿タンパク質から追い出す
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient with a long QT interval develops a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that twists around the baseline but still has a pulse. Which drug is used first?
Which measure helps reduce the risk of delirium in an older surgical patient?
AMaking sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
BKeeping the room dark during the day
CMoving them to a new bed space each night to reduce boredom
DGiving a sleeping tablet every night
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with three fractured ribs is taking shallow breaths because of pain. Why is effective analgesia a priority?
ARib pain always means the heart is damaged
BGood analgesia makes rib fractures heal fully within a few days
CShallow breathing can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia
DPain relief is only needed for the patient's comfort
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman at 32 weeks has varicose veins in her legs. Which advice is most appropriate?
ASit with her legs crossed to support the veins
BRaise the legs when resting and avoid long standing
CAvoid walking until after the birth
DWear tight elastic bands around the top of the thighs
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman at 37 weeks has severe itching of the palms and soles, worse at night, without a rash. Which condition should be considered?
APre-eclampsia only
BNormal stretching of the abdominal skin
CIntrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
DAn allergy to washing detergents
21.小児看護ふつう
A child with type 1 diabetes is unconscious from hypoglycaemia at school. What should be done?
ALet the child sleep and check again in an hour
BGive the child's usual dose of insulin
CGive glucagon and call emergency services
DGive a glass of orange juice by mouth
22.小児看護むずかしい
An infant with a large VSD now breathes faster, sweats during feeds and has gained 300 g overnight with puffy eyelids. What does this most likely indicate?
AAn allergic reaction to the new high-energy formula started yesterday
BDehydration due to sweating during feeds
CWorsening heart failure with fluid retention
DGood growth thanks to improved feeding
23.精神看護ふつう
How does aripiprazole differ from most other antipsychotics?
AIt is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
BIt needs weekly white blood cell counts for safety
CIt has no effect on dopamine at all
DIt is a benzodiazepine with antipsychotic effects
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient says, "I'm such a failure. My wife left me and I lost my job." The nurse answers, "Don't worry, things will get better soon." What is wrong with this response?
AIt explores the problem too deeply too early
BIt uses the technique of presenting reality wrongly
CIt is too direct and confronting
DIt is false reassurance that dismisses the patient's feelings
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある新生児の体重は 4 lb 8 oz です。1 lb = 16 oz と 1 kg = 2.2 lb を使って、体重 m をキログラムで求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
答え: A · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
これが答えになる理由
Negative pressure draws air into the room and out through filtered exhaust. It is used for airborne infections such as tuberculosis; positive pressure is used to protect patients with very weak immunity.
答え
A · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · 48 hours after the symptoms have stopped
これが答えになる理由
People can still shed norovirus after symptoms settle, so staff usually stay off work until 48 hours symptom-free. This helps stop outbreaks spreading on wards.
答え: A · Temperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
これが答えになる理由
SIRS criteria include a temperature above 38 °C or below 36 °C, heart rate above 90/min, respiratory rate above 20/min and a WBC above 12,000 or below 4,000/mm3. Only the first patient meets two.
答え
A · Temperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Give another serving of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
これが答えになる理由
If the glucose is still below the hypoglycemia threshold after treatment (70 mg/dL in US guidance, 4.0 mmol/L in UK guidance), the fast-acting carbohydrate is repeated and the glucose rechecked. Once it is normal, a snack or meal helps keep it stable.
答え
B · Give another serving of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Do not palpate the abdomen
これが答えになる理由
Palpating a Wilms tumor can rupture the capsule and spread cancer cells. A sign is often put on the bed to warn staff not to palpate the abdomen.
答え
D · Do not palpate the abdomen
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Not drinking enough water
これが答えになる理由
Hypernatraemia usually reflects water deficit, often in patients who are confused, unable to drink independently or losing fluid through fever or diarrhoea. Supporting fluid intake prevents it.
When warfarin is started or its dose changes, the INR is checked frequently (often every few days) until it is stable in the target range. After that, the interval can be extended, often up to every 4 weeks or longer if very stable.
答え
D · Every few days, until it is stable
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Low magnesium, low phosphate and low potassium
これが答えになる理由
Poor diet, vomiting, diarrhea and alcohol's effect on the kidneys commonly cause low magnesium, phosphate and potassium. These worsen arrhythmia and seizure risk, so they are checked and replaced, together with thiamine.
答え
C · Low magnesium, low phosphate and low potassium
11.薬理学
答え: B · Kidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
これが答えになる理由
Ageing reduces kidney function, changes body composition and often slows liver metabolism. Many drugs also have stronger effects on the ageing brain, so doses are started low and increased slowly.
答え
B · Kidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
Torsades de pointes is treated with IV magnesium, plus correction of low potassium and stopping drugs that prolong the QT interval. If the patient loses their pulse, defibrillation is needed. Potassium must never be given as an IV bolus.
Calcium stabilises the cardiac cell membrane and reduces the risk of arrhythmias within minutes. It does not change the potassium level, so other treatments are needed to shift and remove potassium.
答え: A · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
これが答えになる理由
Delirium prevention includes using glasses and hearing aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, nutrition, early mobilisation, pain control, avoiding unnecessary sedatives and involving family.
答え
A · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Shallow breathing can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia
これが答えになる理由
Uncontrolled chest wall pain prevents deep breaths and coughing, leading to atelectasis, sputum retention and pneumonia, particularly in older adults. Multimodal analgesia, sometimes with regional blocks, and physiotherapy are used.
答え
C · Shallow breathing can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Raise the legs when resting and avoid long standing
これが答えになる理由
Leg elevation, regular walking, avoiding long standing and graduated compression stockings improve venous return. Crossing the legs and tight bands at the thigh restrict venous flow.
答え
B · Raise the legs when resting and avoid long standing
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
これが答えになる理由
Itching of the hands and feet without a rash suggests intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Raised bile acids are linked with stillbirth, so liver function and bile acids are checked and timing of birth may be planned.
答え
C · Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
21.小児看護
答え: C · Give glucagon and call emergency services
これが答えになる理由
An unconscious child cannot swallow safely, so glucagon is given by injection or nasal spray, the child is placed in the recovery position and emergency help is called. Once awake and able to swallow, carbohydrate is given.
答え
C · Give glucagon and call emergency services
22.小児看護
答え: C · Worsening heart failure with fluid retention
これが答えになる理由
A sudden overnight weight gain with periorbital oedema, tachypnoea and sweating suggests fluid retention from worsening heart failure. Daily weights on the same scale are a key way to monitor fluid status in these infants.
答え
C · Worsening heart failure with fluid retention
23.精神看護
答え: A · It is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
これが答えになる理由
As a partial agonist, aripiprazole lowers dopamine activity where it is high and supports it where it is low. It is less likely to raise prolactin or cause sedation, but akathisia is a common side effect.
答え
A · It is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
24.精神看護
答え: D · It is false reassurance that dismisses the patient's feelings
これが答えになる理由
False reassurance minimises the patient's concerns and discourages further talk. A therapeutic response would acknowledge the losses and invite the patient to share more.
答え
D · It is false reassurance that dismisses the patient's feelings
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 2.05 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
8 oz/16 = 0.5 lb
4 + 0.5 = 4.5 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 4.5/2.2 = 2.045 ≈ 2.05 kg
答え
m = 2.05 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: c = 2.32 mg/dL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
c = 205/88.4 = 2.319 ≈ 2.32 mg/dL
答え
c = 2.32 mg/dL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 600 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
20·30 = 600 mg
答え
D = 600 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 5 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
12.5·16 = 200 mg
体積
V = (200/200)·5 = 5 mL
答え
V = 5 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 196.7 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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