A dying patient has noisy, rattling breathing that is upsetting the family. Which nursing action helps?
AStart deep suction every 10 minutes
BTell the family it means the patient is choking and needs help
CReposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
DGive large volumes of oral fluids
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
カテゴリー 1 の褥瘡ができかけていることを示す所見は?
A底が赤い破れた水疱
B骨や腱の露出
C骨突出部の上に、押しても消退しない発赤がある正常な皮膚
D骨は露出していないが、脂肪が見える全層の皮膚欠損
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which kitchen practice helps prevent scald burns in young children?
ATurn pot handles toward the back of the stove
BLeave hot drinks at the edge of the table
CLet the child stand on a chair beside the stove
DHold the child while drinking a hot drink
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse finds a patient lying on the floor next to the bed. What should the nurse do first?
AComplete an incident report while the details are fresh
BLift the patient back into bed with a colleague
CAssess the patient for injury before moving them
DTelephone the family to tell them about the fall
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
内科の混合病棟で、看護師が最初に診るべき患者はどれですか?
A血圧が 136/84 mmHg の高血圧の患者
Bアセトアミノフェンを求めている、軽い緊張型頭痛の患者
C持ち物を人にあげ、自殺の計画をもっている、うつ病の患者
D明日の退院についての書面の情報を求めている患者
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with COPD on 2 L/min oxygen becomes drowsy and hard to wake. The SpO₂ is 93%. What is the priority?
ALet the patient sleep, because the saturation is above target
BAssess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
CGive the as-needed sedative so the patient rests comfortably
DIncrease the oxygen to 6 L/min so that the saturation goes even higher than now
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient is started on spironolactone while already taking an ACE inhibitor. Which blood result should be watched most closely?
ACalcium, because both drugs lower it
BPotassium, because both drugs can raise it
CGlucose, because both drugs cause hyperglycaemia
DSodium, because both drugs raise it sharply
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with an epidural catheter develops new back pain and increasing leg weakness when the block should be wearing off. What should be suspected?
AMild hypokalaemia
BMuscle strain from lying in the same position in bed for many hours
CAn epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord
DThe normal expected effect of the local anaesthetic
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with hyperkalemia received IV regular insulin with dextrose. Which result must the nurse monitor closely over the next hours?
AHemoglobin, because insulin causes red cell loss
BSerum sodium, because it rises quickly
CSerum calcium, because it falls sharply
DBlood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with kidney stones and fatigue has a calcium of 11.6 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L), a high parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a low phosphate. Which condition is most likely?
AHypoparathyroidism
BPrimary hyperparathyroidism
CVitamin D deficiency
DCancer-related hypercalcemia
11.薬理学ふつう
Which signs suggest early lithium toxicity?
AVery high blood pressure and a severe headache
BDiarrhoea, vomiting, coarse tremor and drowsiness
CHair loss and dark urine only
DPinpoint pupils and slow breathing
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking sertraline starts St John's wort for low mood. What is the main concern?
ASerotonin syndrome from combined serotonergic effects
BA hypertensive crisis from tyramine
CSevere low blood pressure from blocked alpha receptors
A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion has a nosebleed that will not stop, and the aPTT is far above the target range. What is the most appropriate action?
AContinue the infusion at the same rate and pack the nose firmly
BStop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
CIncrease the infusion, as the aPTT will settle
DGive vitamin K and continue the infusion at a slightly lower rate
A nurse teaches a wheelchair user with a spinal cord injury about skin care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will shift my weight in the chair regularly."
B"I will keep my skin clean and dry."
C"I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
D"I will use a mirror to check my bottom and heels every day."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
上部消化管出血の患者で、尿素がクレアチニンよりずっと大きく上昇することがあるのはなぜですか?
Aクレアチニンが嘔吐物とともに体外に失われるから
B消化された血液がタンパク質負荷となり、尿素を上昇させるから
C出血が必ず腎尿細管を直接傷めるから
D尿素が出血している胃粘膜で作られるから
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An 80-year-old has a fluid balance 3 L positive two days after surgery. They are now breathless, with crackles at both lung bases and swollen ankles. What should the nurse do?
AStop the IV fluids, sit the patient up and escalate
BEncourage the patient to drink more fluids
CIncrease the IV fluid rate to improve kidney flow
DLie the patient flat with the legs raised
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman received an opioid shortly before giving birth, and the baby is born with poor breathing effort. Which statement about the baby's care is correct?
AEffective ventilation comes first; naloxone is not routine
BNo support is needed because the effect lasts only seconds
CNaloxone is given before any ventilation is started
DFlumazenil is given to reverse the opioid
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which statement by a woman with postnatal depression shows that the nurse's teaching has been effective?
A"Depression after birth means I am a bad mother."
B"If I take medicine I can never breastfeed again."
C"I will tell my midwife or doctor if I have thoughts of harming myself."
D"I should keep my feelings to myself so I don't worry my family."
A patient on a mental health ward insists that he is a famous inventor whose ideas were stolen by the government. Which type of delusion is the main one here?
答え: C · Reposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
これが答えになる理由
Noisy "death rattle" breathing comes from secretions in the throat and is not usually distressing to the patient. Repositioning, explanation and sometimes medicines help; deep suction is usually avoided.
答え
C · Reposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
答え: A · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
これが答えになる理由
Scalds from hot liquids are common childhood burns. Turning pot handles inward, using back burners and keeping hot drinks out of reach reduce the risk.
答え
A · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Assess the patient for injury before moving them
これが答えになる理由
The first step is to stay with the patient and assess them, including consciousness, vital signs and signs of fracture or head injury, before deciding how to move them. Notifying the provider, documenting and reporting come afterwards.
答え
C · Assess the patient for injury before moving them
答え: B · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
これが答えになる理由
In COPD, drowsiness can be a sign of carbon dioxide retention (hypercapnia), even when the saturation is acceptable. The nurse assesses breathing, escalates and avoids extra oxygen or sedatives that could worsen it.
答え
B · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Potassium, because both drugs can raise it
これが答えになる理由
Spironolactone and ACE inhibitors both reduce potassium excretion, so the combination can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia. Potassium and renal function should be checked regularly.
答え
B · Potassium, because both drugs can raise it
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · An epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord
これが答えになる理由
Increasing motor block, back pain or new weakness after an epidural can mean a haematoma or abscess compressing the cord. This is a surgical emergency: stop the infusion and get urgent medical review.
答え
C · An epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Blood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
これが答えになる理由
Insulin shifts potassium into cells but also lowers glucose, and hypoglycemia can occur hours later, especially in kidney failure. Glucose is checked frequently, and potassium is rechecked, as the effect lasts only a few hours.確認に用いた資料:High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
D · Blood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Primary hyperparathyroidism
これが答えになる理由
In primary hyperparathyroidism, usually from an adenoma, PTH is high despite high calcium, and phosphate is low because PTH increases its excretion. Cancer-related hypercalcemia typically has a suppressed PTH.確認に用いた資料:Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Hyperparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
B · Primary hyperparathyroidism
11.薬理学
答え: B · Diarrhoea, vomiting, coarse tremor and drowsiness
これが答えになる理由
Early lithium toxicity causes GI upset, a coarse tremor, sluggishness and unsteadiness. Higher levels cause confusion, seizures and arrhythmias, so the drug is held and the level checked.
答え
B · Diarrhoea, vomiting, coarse tremor and drowsiness
12.薬理学
答え: A · Serotonin syndrome from combined serotonergic effects
これが答えになる理由
St John's wort has serotonergic effects, so it can cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs. It also induces liver enzymes and can reduce levels of drugs such as the combined pill, warfarin and ciclosporin.
答え
A · Serotonin syndrome from combined serotonergic effects
答え: B · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
これが答えになる理由
With bleeding and a high aPTT, the heparin infusion is stopped at once and the prescriber informed. Because heparin's effect wears off within hours, stopping is often enough, but protamine sulfate can reverse it. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.
答え
B · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
答え: C · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
これが答えになる理由
Patients usually cannot feel pain below the injury, so pain cannot warn them of pressure damage. They need daily skin checks, often with a mirror, regular pressure relief and good skin hygiene.
答え
C · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
答え: A · Stop the IV fluids, sit the patient up and escalate
これが答えになる理由
Older patients and those with heart or kidney disease can develop fluid overload. The nurse stops fluids, sits the patient up, gives oxygen if needed and asks for medical review, often for diuretics.
答え
A · Stop the IV fluids, sit the patient up and escalate
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Effective ventilation comes first; naloxone is not routine
これが答えになる理由
Opioids cross the placenta and can depress newborn breathing. Resuscitation guidelines put effective ventilation first; naloxone is not part of routine newborn resuscitation and should be avoided if the mother uses opioids long term, as it can cause acute withdrawal and seizures. Flumazenil reverses benzodiazepines, not opioids.
答え
A · Effective ventilation comes first; naloxone is not routine
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · "I will tell my midwife or doctor if I have thoughts of harming myself."
これが答えになる理由
Teaching aims to reduce shame, encourage support and make clear that thoughts of self-harm must be reported urgently. Many antidepressants are compatible with breastfeeding, and depression is a treatable illness, not a failure.
答え
C · "I will tell my midwife or doctor if I have thoughts of harming myself."
Grandiose delusions are false beliefs about one's own importance, power or identity. They may combine with persecutory themes, as here, but the central belief is about being exceptional.
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
68.2/2.2 = 31 kg
投与量
0.5·31 = 15.5 mg
体積
V = (15.5/40)·1 = 0.3875 ≈ 0.39 mL
答え
V = 0.39 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 420 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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