Three days after bowel surgery, a patient has a distended abdomen, vomiting and absent bowel sounds, without colicky pain. What is most likely?
AAcute cholecystitis
BParalytic ileus
CA urinary tract infection
DNormal recovery after surgery
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with HIV on antiretroviral therapy has an undetectable viral load. What does this mean?
AThe treatment is suppressing the virus very well
BThe CD4 count must now be dangerously low too
CThe treatment can now be stopped without any risk
DThe virus has been completely cured and removed
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on clozapine reports a sore throat and fever. The ANC is 400/µL (0.4 × 10⁹/L). What should the nurse do?
AHalve the dose and give it with a throat lozenge
BHold the clozapine and report the result at once
CGive the dose with food to protect the stomach
DGive the next dose and recheck the ANC next month
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient has oral mucositis after chemotherapy. Which advice is appropriate?
ABrush hard with a firm toothbrush to remove debris
BUse an alcohol-based mouthwash several times a day to kill germs
CEat spicy and acidic foods to stimulate healing
DUse a soft toothbrush and rinse with saline or a bland mouthwash
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient is switched from oral to intravenous morphine. Why is the IV dose lower than the oral dose?
AThe oral route causes tolerance faster than the IV route
BIV morphine is excreted much more slowly by the kidney than oral morphine
CIV morphine is a stronger chemical form of the drug
DOral morphine has a large first-pass effect, so less reaches the blood
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which ECG finding is typical of atrial flutter?
ARegular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
BA chaotic baseline with no clear P waves and irregular QRS
CWide, bizarre QRS complexes at 180/min
DP waves with no relationship to the QRS complexes
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with a large pericardial effusion has a systolic pressure that falls by more than 10 mmHg during inspiration. What is this finding called?
AA collapsing pulse
BA pulse deficit
CPulsus alternans
DPulsus paradoxus
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient has a nephrostomy tube. Which finding needs urgent action?
AA dry, intact dressing at the site
BDrainage that stops suddenly with new loin pain
CLight pink urine on the first day after insertion
DSteady urine drainage into the bag
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Three days after a stroke, a patient with dysphagia on a modified diet has a temperature of 38.2 °C (100.8 °F), a respiratory rate of 24/min and crackles at the right lung base. What should the nurse do?
AGive paracetamol (acetaminophen) and continue the modified diet as before
BEncourage more fluids by mouth to treat the fever
CSuspect aspiration pneumonia, stop oral intake and escalate for review
DRecord the findings and recheck them at the next routine observation
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
出血している消化性潰瘍の内視鏡治療の後、酸を減らすために一般に用いる薬剤クラスはどれですか?
Aループ利尿薬
Bβ遮断薬
CセチリジンなどのH1抗ヒスタミン薬
Dプロトンポンプ阻害薬
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with a permanent pacemaker is booked for surgery using monopolar diathermy. Why must the team know?
AThe patient cannot have any anaesthetic at all
BDiathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function
CThe pacemaker will always be removed during surgery
DPacemakers stop all bleeding during surgery
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which antihypertensive is commonly used in pregnancy but should be avoided in a woman with asthma?
AMethyldopa
BLabetalol
CNifedipine
DHydralazine
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman in active labour has been at 6 cm for 4 hours despite regular contractions. Which factor among the "5 Ps" should the nurse consider first?
AThe placenta: whether it is anterior or posterior
BThe past history of her mother's labour
CThe pulse rate during contractions
DThe passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
答え: D · Keep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care
これが答えになる理由
Frequent gentle mouth care with moist swabs, water sprays and lip balm keeps the patient comfortable. Forcing fluids risks choking and aspiration.
答え
D · Keep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
これが答えになる理由
Opioids can cause sedation and respiratory depression. Checking breathing and alertness before each dose, as well as the pain score, keeps the patient safe.
答え
D · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
これが答えになる理由
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
答え
C · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · The nurse is assessed and kept from patient contact during the incubation period per policy
これが答えになる理由
A non-immune worker exposed to varicella may become infectious before the rash appears, so they are usually excluded from patient contact for the incubation period, and post-exposure vaccination or other measures may be offered.
答え
A · The nurse is assessed and kept from patient contact during the incubation period per policy
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · 「10 時にリーさんの血圧を測って、収縮期血圧が 100 未満なら、すぐに知らせてください。」
Paralytic ileus is a temporary loss of gut movement, common after abdominal surgery. Bowel sounds are absent, unlike mechanical obstruction where they are often high-pitched. Management includes nil by mouth, NG decompression, fluids and correcting electrolytes.
答え
B · Paralytic ileus
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · The treatment is suppressing the virus very well
これが答えになる理由
An undetectable viral load shows that antiretroviral therapy is suppressing viral replication. The virus remains in the body, so treatment must continue. People with a sustained undetectable viral load do not transmit HIV sexually.
答え
A · The treatment is suppressing the virus very well
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Hold the clozapine and report the result at once
これが答えになる理由
An ANC below 500/µL is severe neutropenia, and with fever and sore throat it suggests a serious infection. Clozapine is held, the provider is told immediately, and infection is assessed and treated. A nurse never changes a dose without a prescription.
答え
B · Hold the clozapine and report the result at once
11.薬理学
答え: D · Use a soft toothbrush and rinse with saline or a bland mouthwash
これが答えになる理由
Chemotherapy damages rapidly dividing mucosal cells. Gentle oral care, saline rinses and avoiding alcohol, spicy and acidic foods reduce pain and infection risk.
答え
D · Use a soft toothbrush and rinse with saline or a bland mouthwash
12.薬理学
答え: D · Oral morphine has a large first-pass effect, so less reaches the blood
これが答えになる理由
Much of an oral morphine dose is metabolised by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. Equianalgesic tables are used, so the IV dose is a fraction of the oral dose.
答え
D · Oral morphine has a large first-pass effect, so less reaches the blood
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Regular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
これが答えになる理由
Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entry circuit in the right atrium, giving regular sawtooth flutter waves, often at about 300/min with 2:1 block (ventricular rate about 150/min). A chaotic baseline with irregular QRS is atrial fibrillation. Like AF, it carries a stroke risk.
答え
A · Regular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Pulsus paradoxus
これが答えになる理由
Pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated inspiratory fall in systolic pressure (more than 10 mmHg). In tamponade, the right ventricle fills on inspiration and pushes the septum left, reducing left ventricular output. It also occurs in severe asthma. A collapsing pulse suggests aortic regurgitation.
答え
D · Pulsus paradoxus
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Drainage that stops suddenly with new loin pain
これが答えになる理由
A sudden stop in drainage with pain suggests the tube is blocked or dislodged, so the kidney is obstructed again. The nurse checks for kinks and escalates urgently. Fever or rigors may signal infection.
答え
B · Drainage that stops suddenly with new loin pain
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Suspect aspiration pneumonia, stop oral intake and escalate for review
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest aspiration pneumonia, which is a common and serious complication of dysphagia. The patient needs medical review, chest assessment, oxygen if needed, and reassessment of their swallow before eating again.
答え
C · Suspect aspiration pneumonia, stop oral intake and escalate for review
答え: B · Diathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function
これが答えになる理由
Electrical interference from monopolar diathermy can inhibit or reprogram pacemakers and defibrillators. The team plans ahead, for example using bipolar diathermy, placing the plate carefully or having the device checked.
答え
B · Diathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Labetalol
これが答えになる理由
Labetalol is a beta and alpha blocker and can cause bronchospasm, so it is avoided in asthma. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, is often used instead.
答え
B · Labetalol
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · The passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
これが答えになる理由
When contractions are adequate but labour stalls, causes include a malpositioned or large fetus (passenger) or a narrow pelvis (passageway). Position changes, hydration and support of the psyche can also help progress.
答え
D · The passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
21.小児看護
答え: D · Small pieces of soft cooked vegetables
これが答えになる理由
Round, firm foods such as whole grapes, nuts and popcorn can block a young child's airway. Soft foods cut into small pieces are safer, and children should always sit down and be supervised while eating.
答え: D · Provide orientation cues, make sure glasses and hearing aids are used, and involve the family
これが答えになる理由
Non-drug measures, such as clocks and calendars, sensory aids, a normal sleep-wake cycle, mobility, hydration and familiar people, help while the underlying cause is treated. Restraints and frequent moves worsen delirium.
答え
D · Provide orientation cues, make sure glasses and hearing aids are used, and involve the family
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 96.3 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
35.7·9/5 = 64.26
32を足す
T = 64.26 + 32 = 96.26 ≈ 96.3 °F
答え
T = 96.3 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: Hb = 13.8 g/dL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
20000/250 = 80 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 1250/80 = 15.63 mL/h
答え
R = 15.63 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 60 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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