A small blood spill is found on the ward floor. What is the correct approach?
ACover it with a sheet so no one steps in it
BWear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
CWipe it up with a paper towel without gloves, then wash your hands well afterwards
DLeave it for the domestic staff to clean at the end of the day
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
せん妄と認知症を区別するのに最も役立つ特徴はどれですか?
A認知症は、根本的な原因を治療すると常に改善する
Bせん妄は突然始まり、注意が 1 日の中で変動する
C認知症は感染から数時間以内に始まる
Dせん妄は常に何年も続く
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Why are patients on long-term corticosteroids at higher risk from infections?
ASteroids only affect the risk of fungal skin rashes
BSteroids kill the patient’s normal skin bacteria
CSteroids make the patient’s blood more acidic, which helps bacteria grow
DSteroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Ten minutes into a red blood cell transfusion, the patient reports chills and low back pain and has a new fever. What should the nurse do first?
AGive an antipyretic and continue the transfusion
BSlow the transfusion and recheck vital signs in 15 minutes
CStop the transfusion
DCall the blood bank and let the transfusion continue
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse has called the rapid response team for a deteriorating patient. What should the nurse do while waiting for the team?
AGive a dose of every as-needed medication on the chart
BGo to the station to finish documentation for other patients
CLeave the patient for a few minutes to find the relatives and explain what is happening
DStay with the patient, give oxygen as prescribed and have recent vital signs ready
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
LPN/LVN が、安定していた患者に新たな胸痛が出たと報告しました。RN はどうすべきですか?
ALPN/LVN に対応を任せ、勤務終了時に報告するよう頼む
B看護助手に心電図を記録させて、結果を待つ
C自ら患者をアセスメントし、次のステップを決める
Dアセスメントなしに、頓用のニトログリセリンを投与するよう LPN/LVN に伝える
7.臨床看護学ふつう
アナフィラキシーの第一選択薬は?
A吸入ステロイド
Bセチリジンなどの経口抗ヒスタミン薬
Cアドレナリンの筋肉注射
D静注のアセトアミノフェン
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
急性膵炎の患者が背部に放散する強い心窩部痛を訴えています。最も重要な看護ケアは?
A膵臓を刺激するための脂肪の多い食事
Bすべての水分の制限
C観察なしの厳格な安静
D十分な鎮痛、輸液、厳密な水分出納の観察
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
1 時間前に胸痛が始まった患者の、最初のトロポニンが正常でした。正しい解釈はどれですか?
A梗塞は否定されておらず、プロトコルに従ってトロポニンを再測定する
B患者はすぐに帰宅できる
Cトロポニンは、胸痛のある患者には役に立たない
D梗塞は否定されたので、それ以上のトロポニン検査は不要である
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
Two sets of blood cultures were taken from separate sites. Only one bottle in one set grows coagulase-negative staphylococci, and the patient has no line or implant. What is the most likely interpretation?
AProbable skin contamination of the sample
BCertain bloodstream infection needing treatment
CProof that the patient has infective endocarditis
DInfection with a resistant organism such as MRSA
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient must mix regular (soluble) insulin and NPH (isophane) insulin in one syringe. What is the correct order?
AShake both vials hard, then draw them up in any order
BDraw up the cloudy NPH insulin first, then the clear regular insulin
CDraw them up in separate syringes, then mix them in a cup
DDraw up the clear regular insulin first, then the cloudy NPH insulin
12.薬理学むずかしい
通常量のアルコールのような 0 次消失とは:
A単位時間あたり一定の量が消失する
B濃度にかかわらず半減期が一定
C高濃度では消失が止まる
D単位時間あたり一定の割合が消失する
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Septic shock belongs to which category of shock?
ACardiogenic shock
BObstructive shock
CDistributive shock
DHypovolaemic shock
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with life-threatening asthma has not responded to repeated nebulised salbutamol (albuterol), ipratropium and steroids. Which drug is commonly given intravenously next?
AMorphine
BMetoprolol
CMagnesium sulfate
DIntravenous furosemide
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A man starts finasteride for an enlarged prostate. Which statement is correct?
AIt lowers the blood pressure, so dizziness is very common
BIt takes months to work; pregnant women must not handle broken tablets
CIt is used only for a few days at a time
DIt works within hours by relaxing the bladder muscle
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with acute glomerulonephritis has a BP of 190/115 mmHg, a severe headache and blurred vision. Which is the priority?
AEncourage a walk to relieve the headache
BUrgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
CGive extra oral fluids to correct the low urine output
DRecheck the BP at the next routine round
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why are antiemetics usually given before chemotherapy starts?
AThey cannot be given once nausea has started
BAntiemetics make the chemotherapy work better
CThey stop the chemotherapy from causing hair loss and mouth sores
DPreventing nausea works better than treating it later
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient asks whether to take their usual bisoprolol on the morning of surgery. What is the usual guidance?
ATake it only after the operation is finished
BUsually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
CStop it one week before any operation
DTake a double dose to protect the heart
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
In which order do the final cardinal movements of labour occur after extension?
A child has tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp). Which treatment is usually needed?
AOral antibiotics such as amoxicillin
BAn oral antifungal medicine
CA topical antifungal cream alone
DShaving the head, with no medicine
22.小児看護むずかしい
An 18-month-old with gastroenteritis has a heart rate of 170/min, a capillary refill time of 4 seconds and cool hands and feet. Her blood pressure is normal. What does this indicate?
ANormal findings in a toddler who is upset
BShock is unlikely while the blood pressure is normal
CCompensated shock that needs urgent treatment
DMild dehydration that only needs a drink
23.精神看護ふつう
Which question is the best way to ask a patient about suicidal thoughts?
A"Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
B"You wouldn't hurt yourself, would you?"
C"Things aren't that bad, are they?"
D"You're not thinking of doing anything silly, are you?"
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient with OCD asks the nurse many times an hour, "Are you sure the door is locked?" What is the most helpful approach in his care plan?
AReassure him every time he asks, as often as he needs
BAnswer once, then follow the agreed plan to limit repeated reassurance
CLock and unlock the door in front of him each time he asks
DTell him firmly that if he asks about the door again, he will lose his privileges on the ward for the day
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 186.996 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
186.996 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 処方箋に、経口懸濁液 12時間ごと を ½ tsp、10 日間と書かれています。1 tsp = 5 mL を用いて、全期間に必要な mL V はいくつですか。
½ tsp12時間ごと10 日1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 26 kg の子どもに、2 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 10 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
26 kg2 mg/kg10 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 10 kg の子どもに、5 mL 中に 120 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 10 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
10 kg10 mg/kg120 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
60 滴/mL の輸液セットで 250 mL を 5 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
250 mL5 h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグは 50 mL 中に薬を 100 mg 含み、12 mL/h で投与されています。患者が受け取るのは 1 時間あたり何 mg D ですか?
100 mg/50 mL12 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 速効型インスリン 250 単位を 250 mL に溶かした輸液が 4 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 時間あたり何単位 D 受けていますか?
250 個/250 mL4 mL/h
D = 個/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 65 kg の患者に、nitroglycerinを 20 mcg/min で投与する指示が出ています。バッグには 250 mL 中に 25 mg が含まれています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
25 mg/250 mL20 mcg/min65 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 72 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: B · Wear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
これが答えになる理由
Under standard precautions all blood is handled as potentially infectious. Spills are cleaned promptly using PPE and the spill kit or disinfectant set out in local policy.
答え
B · Wear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
答え: D · Steroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection
これが答えになる理由
Corticosteroids reduce white cell activity and inflammation, so infections develop more easily and may cause less fever or redness. Nurses watch closely for subtle signs.
答え
D · Steroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Stop the transfusion
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest an acute transfusion reaction, possibly hemolytic. The nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the IV open with normal saline through new tubing, assesses the patient and notifies the provider and blood bank.
答え
C · Stop the transfusion
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Stay with the patient, give oxygen as prescribed and have recent vital signs ready
これが答えになる理由
The nurse stays with the patient, starts basic support such as oxygen as prescribed and prepares a clear handover. Leaving the patient or giving unrelated medications is unsafe.
答え
D · Stay with the patient, give oxygen as prescribed and have recent vital signs ready
トロポニンは、症状の発現直後には正常のことがあります。梗塞を確定または除外するには、心電図や症状とあわせた連続測定が必要です。多くのプロトコルでは、高感度トロポニンを 1~3 時間後に再測定します。確認に用いた資料:Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答え
A · 梗塞は否定されておらず、プロトコルに従ってトロポニンを再測定する
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Probable skin contamination of the sample
これが答えになる理由
Coagulase-negative staphylococci are common skin flora. Growth in only one of several bottles, without a catheter or implant, most often reflects contamination during collection. Good skin antisepsis reduces contamination, which can lead to unnecessary antibiotics.確認に用いた資料:Blood culture · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Probable skin contamination of the sample
11.薬理学
答え: D · Draw up the clear regular insulin first, then the cloudy NPH insulin
これが答えになる理由
Drawing up regular insulin first prevents NPH from contaminating the regular insulin vial. NPH is gently rolled, not shaken, to mix it.
答え
D · Draw up the clear regular insulin first, then the cloudy NPH insulin
In distributive shock (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic), vessels dilate and leak, so blood is maldistributed and pressure falls. Obstructive shock includes PE, tamponade and tension pneumothorax; cardiogenic shock is pump failure; hypovolaemic shock is volume loss.
答え
C · Distributive shock
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Magnesium sulfate
これが答えになる理由
A single dose of IV magnesium sulfate is recommended in acute severe or life-threatening asthma that does not respond to initial treatment. Senior and critical care help is called early. Sedatives and beta-blockers are dangerous in acute asthma.
答え
C · Magnesium sulfate
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · It takes months to work; pregnant women must not handle broken tablets
これが答えになる理由
Finasteride, a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, reduces the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and shrinks the prostate over several months. It can harm a male fetus, so pregnant women should avoid handling crushed or broken tablets.
答え
B · It takes months to work; pregnant women must not handle broken tablets
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Urgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
これが答えになる理由
Severe hypertension with headache and visual change suggests hypertensive encephalopathy. This needs urgent medical treatment and neurological monitoring. Seizures can occur.
答え
B · Urgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Preventing nausea works better than treating it later
これが答えになる理由
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is better prevented than treated. Antiemetics are given before treatment and regularly afterwards, according to how emetogenic the regimen is.
答え
D · Preventing nausea works better than treating it later
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Usually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers are usually continued around surgery because sudden withdrawal can cause rebound tachycardia and ischaemia. The patient follows the specific instructions from the preoperative assessment.
答え
B · Usually continue it with a sip of water, unless told otherwise
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Restitution, external rotation, expulsion
これが答えになる理由
After extension delivers the head, it rotates back into line with the shoulders (restitution), then rotates further as the shoulders turn (external rotation), and finally the body is born (expulsion).
Topical creams cannot reach the fungus in the hair shafts and follicles, so tinea capitis needs an oral antifungal for several weeks, sometimes with an antifungal shampoo to reduce spread.
答え
B · An oral antifungal medicine
22.小児看護
答え: C · Compensated shock that needs urgent treatment
これが答えになる理由
Tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill and cool peripheries with a normal blood pressure suggest compensated shock. Children can maintain blood pressure until they suddenly decompensate, so urgent medical review and fluid resuscitation are needed.
答え
C · Compensated shock that needs urgent treatment
23.精神看護
答え: A · "Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
これが答えになる理由
Asking directly and calmly shows that it is safe to talk. Questions that suggest the "right" answer, or that minimise the problem, make it harder for the patient to be honest.
答え
A · "Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
24.精神看護
答え: B · Answer once, then follow the agreed plan to limit repeated reassurance
これが答えになる理由
Seeking reassurance relieves anxiety only briefly and keeps the OCD cycle going. In line with exposure and response prevention, the team agrees to limit reassurance and support the patient to tolerate the anxiety.
答え
B · Answer once, then follow the agreed plan to limit repeated reassurance
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 44 個、1500 ÷ 44 ≈ 34 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.76 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.88 秒、68 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.18 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.14 秒で幅広(0.12 秒以上)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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