Which part of the stethoscope is best for hearing low-pitched sounds such as some heart murmurs?
AThe bell, placed lightly on the skin
BThe earpieces turned backwards
CThe diaphragm, pressed firmly on the skin
DThe bell, pressed firmly on the skin
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Eight hours after surgery a patient has not passed urine and has lower abdominal discomfort with a swelling above the pubic bone. What should the nurse do?
AEncourage the patient to drink two litres of water quickly
BRecord it and check again the next morning
CGive a laxative to relieve the swelling
DCheck the bladder volume with a scanner and report the findings
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
看護師が2人の患者の薬を準備しています。最も安全な方法はどれですか?
A一方の患者に、もう一方の患者に薬を渡すよう頼む
B2人の薬を1つのカップに入れ、ベッドサイドで仕分ける
C1人の患者ごとに薬を準備して与薬する
D時間を節約するため、2人の薬を一緒に準備する
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Before the wound is closed, the sponge count does not match the starting count. What should happen?
ATell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
BClose the wound to avoid a long anesthetic and recount the sponges after surgery
CAssume that the first count was wrong and continue
DChange the count on the record so that it matches, then close the wound as planned
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
During a blood transfusion, a patient develops chills, back pain and a fever. What is the nurse’s first action?
AStop the transfusion and keep the IV open with normal saline via new tubing
BSlow the transfusion and recheck in an hour
CGive an antipyretic and continue the transfusion
DFinish the unit quickly through a pressure bag so that the reaction does not last long
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
During JumpSTART triage, a child is not breathing after the airway is opened but has a palpable pulse. What is the next step?
ATag the child green and return to them after the others
BTag the child black at once and move on to the next victim
CGive five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
DStart full CPR on the child and stay with them until more help arrives
7.臨床看護学ふつう
During a red cell transfusion, when are serious acute reactions most likely to start?
AIn the first 15 minutes
BAbout 24 hours later
COnly after the unit has finished
DAfter the third unit only
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient has a single hot, swollen, very painful knee and a fever. Why is urgent joint aspiration important?
ATo rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
BTo check for rheumatoid arthritis antibodies in the joint fluid
A patient's creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL (80 µmol/L) on admission and is 1.3 mg/dL (115 µmol/L) 36 hours later. Using the common KDIGO criteria, what does this show?
AA laboratory error, because creatinine cannot change within 2 days
BNo kidney injury, because the creatinine is still within the normal range
CAcute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
DChronic kidney disease, because creatinine has risen above baseline
11.薬理学ふつう
Before starting a TNF-alpha inhibitor such as adalimumab, which test is required?
AScreening for latent tuberculosis
BA bone density scan
CAn echocardiogram in every patient
DA glucose tolerance test
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with severe chronic hyponatraemia receives hypertonic saline. Why is the rate of correction strictly limited?
AFast correction causes immediate kidney failure
BHypertonic saline is toxic to the liver at high rates
CRaising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
DRaising sodium too fast causes severe hypokalaemia and cardiac arrest
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why is a raised serum lactate concerning in a patient with shock?
AIt means the kidneys are working harder than normal to clear fluid
BIt suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
CIt confirms a bacterial infection is present
DIt shows only that the patient has eaten a large meal in the past hour
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient who injects drugs has a fever, a new heart murmur and splinter haemorrhages. Before antibiotics are started, what is most important?
AWait for an echocardiogram before taking any samples
BArrange an exercise ECG test
CTake several sets of blood cultures from separate sites
DTake a single blood culture from the cannula
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why are patients on haemodialysis vaccinated against hepatitis B?
AShared dialysis units carry a higher infection risk
A newborn's bilirubin is rising quickly at 30 hours despite phototherapy, and the baby is lethargic with an arched back and high-pitched cry. What does this suggest?
AA normal reaction to phototherapy
BNormal newborn reflexes
CAcute bilirubin encephalopathy
DMild breast milk jaundice
21.小児看護ふつう
A child with suspected measles is admitted. Which precaution is most important?
ADroplet precautions in a shared bay
BNo special precautions once the rash appears
CAirborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
DContact precautions only, with gloves
22.小児看護むずかしい
An infant with heart failure is breathing fast and working hard. Which position helps most?
ASemi-upright, with the head and chest raised
BFlat on the back with the legs raised
CProne with the head turned to the side
DLying flat on the left side only
23.精神看護ふつう
What is the CIWA-Ar scale used for?
AScreening for dementia in older adults
BMeasuring the depth of sedation in patients on a ventilator in intensive care
CMeasuring the risk of falls in hospital
DRating the severity of alcohol withdrawal to guide treatment
The bell picks up low-pitched sounds and must be held lightly. The diaphragm, pressed firmly, is used for high-pitched sounds such as normal breath, bowel and heart sounds.
答え
A · The bell, placed lightly on the skin
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Check the bladder volume with a scanner and report the findings
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest postoperative urinary retention. A bladder scan confirms the volume, and the doctor is told so it can be relieved, often by catheterisation.
答え
D · Check the bladder volume with a scanner and report the findings
答え: A · Tell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
これが答えになる理由
A count discrepancy is reported to the whole team at once. Closure waits while the field, wound and room are searched, and an x-ray is taken per policy if the item is still missing.
答え
A · Tell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Stop the transfusion and keep the IV open with normal saline via new tubing
これが答えになる理由
For any suspected transfusion reaction, the nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the vein open with normal saline through new tubing and informs the provider and blood bank.
答え
A · Stop the transfusion and keep the IV open with normal saline via new tubing
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
これが答えになる理由
In JumpSTART, an apneic child with a pulse gets five rescue breaths, because the cause is often respiratory. If breathing starts the child is immediate (red); if not, the child is expectant.
答え
C · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · In the first 15 minutes
これが答えになる理由
Severe reactions such as ABO incompatibility and anaphylaxis usually begin early. The patient should be watched closely in the first 15 minutes, with observations repeated as per local policy.
答え
A · In the first 15 minutes
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · To rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
これが答えになる理由
Septic arthritis can destroy cartilage within days. Aspiration allows microscopy and culture, and helps distinguish infection from crystal arthritis such as gout.
答え
A · To rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
答え: C · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
これが答えになる理由
KDIGO defines AKI as a creatinine rise of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 µmol/L) within 48 hours, a rise to 1.5 times baseline within 7 days, or urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours. A result inside the reference range can still be a significant rise.
答え
C · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
11.薬理学
答え: A · Screening for latent tuberculosis
これが答えになる理由
TNF inhibitors can reactivate latent TB, so patients are screened with a TB blood test or skin test and chest X-ray. Hepatitis B is usually checked as well.
答え
A · Screening for latent tuberculosis
12.薬理学
答え: C · Raising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
これが答えになる理由
In chronic hyponatraemia the brain adapts to low osmolality. Correcting sodium too rapidly shrinks brain cells and can cause osmotic demyelination (central pontine myelinolysis), so sodium is checked often.
答え
C · Raising sodium too fast can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
これが答えになる理由
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate is a marker of tissue hypoperfusion and severity in sepsis and shock. Repeated measurements show whether treatment is working.
答え
B · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Take several sets of blood cultures from separate sites
これが答えになる理由
Suspected infective endocarditis requires multiple sets of blood cultures taken with careful aseptic technique, ideally before antibiotics, to identify the organism and guide weeks of IV therapy. Echocardiography looks for vegetations but should not delay cultures or, in a very sick patient, antibiotics.
答え
C · Take several sets of blood cultures from separate sites
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Shared dialysis units carry a higher infection risk
これが答えになる理由
Haemodialysis involves repeated vascular access in a shared unit, which raises the risk of blood-borne infection. Vaccination, screening and strict infection control protect patients and staff.
答え
A · Shared dialysis units carry a higher infection risk
答え: C · A metabolite can build up and cause seizures
これが答えになる理由
Pethidine's metabolite norpethidine accumulates with repeated doses or kidney impairment and can cause agitation, tremor and seizures. Other opioids are preferred.
答え
C · A metabolite can build up and cause seizures
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Rebound hypoglycaemia
これが答えになる理由
Stopping PN suddenly can cause hypoglycaemia because insulin levels stay high for a while. Glucose is monitored, and a glucose infusion may be given according to local policy.
Lethargy, poor feeding, hypertonia with arching and a high-pitched cry are signs of acute bilirubin encephalopathy. An urgent exchange transfusion may be needed to prevent permanent kernicterus.
答え
C · Acute bilirubin encephalopathy
21.小児看護
答え: C · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
これが答えになる理由
Measles spreads through the air and can remain in a room for up to about 2 hours. Airborne precautions, a negative-pressure room where available and immune staff are required.
答え
C · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
22.小児看護
答え: A · Semi-upright, with the head and chest raised
これが答えになる理由
A semi-upright position lowers the pressure of abdominal organs on the diaphragm and eases breathing. Raising the legs would increase venous return and may worsen pulmonary congestion.
答え
A · Semi-upright, with the head and chest raised
23.精神看護
答え: D · Rating the severity of alcohol withdrawal to guide treatment
これが答えになる理由
The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol, revised (CIWA-Ar), scores withdrawal signs and symptoms. Repeated scores guide symptom-triggered benzodiazepine treatment.
答え
D · Rating the severity of alcohol withdrawal to guide treatment
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
11 oz/16 = 0.6875 lb
10 + 0.6875 = 10.69 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 10.69/2.2 = 4.858 ≈ 4.86 kg
答え
m = 4.86 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 97.5 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
¼ カップ = 0.25·240 = 60 mL
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
足す
V = 7.5 + 60 + 30 = 97.5 mL
答え
V = 97.5 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 90 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
2·90 = 180 mg
1 回あたり
D = 180/2 = 90 mg
答え
D = 90 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 4.7 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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