How should a patient walk with a standard (non-wheeled) walking frame?
ALift the frame forward, then step into it
BPush the frame along the floor while walking quickly
CStep forward first, then pull the frame after
DLean forward on the frame and slide the feet
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient with severe anaemia has an SpO₂ of 98%. Why can this reading be misleading?
AAnaemia makes the oximeter read about 10% higher than the true saturation
BAnaemia damages the light sensor of the oximeter
CThe red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
DPatients with anaemia always have a low true saturation
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient on nasal cannula oxygen has dry lips. Which product should the nurse offer?
APetroleum jelly
BA water-based lip lubricant
CAn oil-based lip balm
DA scented petroleum ointment
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse caring for a patient with influenza on droplet precautions will assist with an aerosol-generating procedure, such as bronchoscopy. What change in PPE is needed?
AWear gloves only, because the procedure is short
BNo change, because influenza only needs droplet precautions
CWear a fit-tested respirator (N95 or FFP3) and eye protection instead of a surgical mask
DWear two surgical masks, one on top of the other, for the length of the procedure
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient is receiving continuous tube feeds. Which action best reduces the risk of aspiration?
ATurn the feed off only while the patient is asleep at night
BIncrease the feed rate so the stomach empties sooner
CLay the patient flat for an hour after each bag is hung
DKeep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has a heart rate of 38/min, feels dizzy and has a blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg. Which drug is usually given first, as prescribed?
ADigoxin
BMetoprolol
CAtropine
DDiltiazem
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient's low potassium does not improve despite potassium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked?
AMagnesium
BChloride
CPhosphate
DSodium
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with diabetes is found confused with slurred speech and weakness on one side. What should the nurse check first?
ABody mass index
BUrine output for the last day
CSerum cholesterol
DCapillary blood glucose
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient is starting atorvastatin. Which laboratory test is usually checked at baseline?
A patient with bronchiectasis of the right lower lobe is taught postural drainage. How should they be positioned?
AFlat on the back with the arms raised
BSitting fully upright at all times
CWith the affected lobe uppermost so gravity drains it
DWith the affected lobe lowest so it fills with mucus
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After six weeks of treatment for tuberculosis, a patient has nausea, dark urine and yellow eyes. What should the nurse do?
AWithhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
BAdvise taking the tablets with an alcoholic drink to settle the stomach
CReassure the patient that the urine colour is due to rifampicin
DDouble the isoniazid dose to clear the infection faster
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with untreated hyperthyroidism is losing weight. Which diet is most appropriate until the condition is controlled?
AA high-calorie diet with enough protein
BA low-calorie diet to protect the heart
CA strict low-protein diet
DA diet very high in caffeine for energy
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A student has fever, a severe headache, a spreading non-blanching rash and a BP of 85/50 mmHg. A lumbar puncture is planned. What is the priority?
AGive paracetamol (acetaminophen) and recheck observations in an hour
BArrange a CT scan of the head before any treatment
CGive IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
DWait until after the lumbar puncture before giving antibiotics
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which medicine commonly delays wound healing?
AVitamin C supplements
BLong-term corticosteroids
CParacetamol
DSaline eye drops
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient arrives in the anaesthetic room without an identity band. What should the nurse do?
AStop and confirm identity, then apply a band
BProceed because the patient can say their name
CProceed and add a band once in recovery
DUse the spare identity band from the front of the patient's notes folder
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman at 28 weeks asks why her heart rate is higher than before pregnancy. Which response is accurate?
AA rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
BA higher heart rate in pregnancy always points to heart disease
CHeart rate normally falls in pregnancy, so this needs urgent review
DThe heart rate rises because blood pressure is much higher in pregnancy
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
After a severe postpartum haemorrhage, a woman cannot breastfeed because her milk does not come in, and she feels very tired. Which condition should be suspected?
AMastitis
BBreast engorgement
CPostpartum thyroiditis
DSheehan syndrome
21.小児看護ふつう
子どもの循環血液量減少性ショックで、通常、後期のサインとなる所見はどれですか?
A四肢の冷感
B頻脈
C毛細血管再充満時間の延長
D低血圧
22.小児看護むずかしい
細気管支炎の生後 3 か月の乳児の所見のうち、直ちにフォローアップが必要なものはどれですか?
A呼吸の休止(無呼吸)と酸素飽和度 88 %
B聴診で聞こえる喘鳴
C鼻水と軽い咳
D哺乳量はいつもよりやや少ないが、おむつはまだ濡れている
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient with narcissistic personality disorder demands that only the senior doctor should speak to him, because the nurses are "beneath him". What is the best approach?
AAvoid him as much as possible, because he is rude and unpleasant to the nursing staff
BRespond respectfully but firmly, and keep the same expectations as for other patients
CArrange for only the senior doctor to see him from now on
DTell him that he is not as important as he thinks he is
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient says, "I'm such a failure. My wife left me and I lost my job." The nurse answers, "Don't worry, things will get better soon." What is wrong with this response?
AIt uses the technique of presenting reality wrongly
BIt is too direct and confronting
CIt explores the problem too deeply too early
DIt is false reassurance that dismisses the patient's feelings
The frame is lifted a short step forward with all four feet placed down, then the patient steps into it, usually leading with the weaker leg.
答え
A · Lift the frame forward, then step into it
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
これが答えになる理由
SpO₂ shows the percentage of haemoglobin that carries oxygen, not how much haemoglobin there is. With very little haemoglobin the oxygen content of the blood can be low despite a normal saturation.
答え
C · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · A water-based lip lubricant
これが答えになる理由
Petroleum- and oil-based products can increase the risk of burns or fire in an oxygen-rich setting. A water-based lubricant is used instead.
答え
B · A water-based lip lubricant
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Wear a fit-tested respirator (N95 or FFP3) and eye protection instead of a surgical mask
これが答えになる理由
Aerosol-generating procedures can spread influenza in small particles that a surgical mask does not filter well. Staff wear a fit-tested respirator (N95 in the US, FFP3 in the UK), eye protection, gown and gloves, and the number of people in the room is kept low.
答え
C · Wear a fit-tested respirator (N95 or FFP3) and eye protection instead of a surgical mask
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
これが答えになる理由
Raising the head of the bed to at least 30 degrees during and after feeding lowers the risk of reflux and aspiration. Lying flat greatly increases the risk.
答え
D · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Atropine
これが答えになる理由
Atropine is the first-line drug for symptomatic bradycardia. Metoprolol, digoxin and diltiazem slow the heart and would make things worse; pacing may be needed if atropine does not work.
答え
C · Atropine
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Magnesium
これが答えになる理由
Hypomagnesaemia increases renal potassium loss and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium must be replaced as well.
答え
A · Magnesium
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · Capillary blood glucose
これが答えになる理由
Hypoglycaemia can cause focal neurological signs that mimic stroke. A bedside glucose check is quick and should be done in any patient with sudden neurological symptoms.
答え
D · Capillary blood glucose
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Liver enzymes
これが答えになる理由
Statins can raise liver enzymes, so a baseline ALT is usually checked, with a lipid panel to judge response. Routine repeat liver tests are not always needed, but symptoms of liver injury or muscle pain should be reported.
答え: C · With the affected lobe uppermost so gravity drains it
これが答えになる理由
Postural drainage places the patient so the affected segment is above the main bronchus, letting gravity move secretions towards the larger airways to be coughed up. It is combined with breathing techniques. Head-down positions are avoided in patients with reflux, recent surgery or breathlessness.
答え
C · With the affected lobe uppermost so gravity drains it
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Withhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
これが答えになる理由
Isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide can all cause hepatotoxicity. Jaundice, dark urine and nausea suggest drug-induced hepatitis, so the drugs are stopped and liver function is checked urgently. Orange urine from rifampicin does not cause yellow eyes. Alcohol increases the risk.
答え
A · Withhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · A high-calorie diet with enough protein
これが答えになる理由
Excess thyroid hormone raises metabolism, so patients need more calories and protein to prevent weight loss. Caffeine is limited because it worsens palpitations, tremor and anxiety.
答え
A · A high-calorie diet with enough protein
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Give IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
これが答えになる理由
Meningococcal septicaemia can kill within hours. Antibiotics must not be delayed for a lumbar puncture or scan. Fluids and other sepsis care are started, and a lumbar puncture is often unsafe in a shocked patient.
答え
C · Give IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Long-term corticosteroids
これが答えになる理由
Corticosteroids suppress the inflammatory phase, collagen formation and immunity, delaying healing and raising infection risk. Other factors include diabetes, smoking, malnutrition, poor perfusion and chemotherapy.
答え
B · Long-term corticosteroids
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Stop and confirm identity, then apply a band
これが答えになる理由
Correct identification before anaesthesia prevents wrong-patient surgery. The process stops until identity is confirmed with the patient and records and a band is applied, following the checklist.
答え
A · Stop and confirm identity, then apply a band
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
これが答えになる理由
Blood volume and cardiac output rise in pregnancy, and the resting heart rate typically increases by 10 to 15 beats per minute. Blood pressure usually falls slightly in the second trimester.
答え
A · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Sheehan syndrome
これが答えになる理由
Sheehan syndrome is pituitary necrosis from severe blood loss and hypotension. Low prolactin causes lactation failure, and other hormone deficiencies cause fatigue, low blood pressure and absent periods.
答え: B · Respond respectfully but firmly, and keep the same expectations as for other patients
これが答えになる理由
People with narcissistic personality disorder have a fragile self-esteem beneath the grandiosity. A consistent, respectful and non-defensive approach avoids power struggles and maintains the usual boundaries.
答え
B · Respond respectfully but firmly, and keep the same expectations as for other patients
24.精神看護
答え: D · It is false reassurance that dismisses the patient's feelings
これが答えになる理由
False reassurance minimises the patient's concerns and discourages further talk. A therapeutic response would acknowledge the losses and invite the patient to share more.
答え
D · It is false reassurance that dismisses the patient's feelings
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 37.3 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
99.2 − 32 = 67.2
5/9を掛ける
T = 67.2·5/9 = 37.33 ≈ 37.3 °C
答え
T = 37.3 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: c = 17.1 mmol/L
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
10·8 = 80 mg
体積
V = (80/120)·5 = 3.333 ≈ 3.3 mL
答え
V = 3.3 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 480 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
20·60/15 = 80 mL/h
体積
V = 80·6 = 480 mL
答え
V = 480 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: D = 25 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).