When is a sputum sample for culture best collected?
AIn the evening, after the patient has eaten and drunk
BIn the morning, from a deep cough, before antibiotics start
CAfter the first few doses of antibiotics
DAt any time, using saliva from the mouth
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A stable patient is woken every hour for observations and is becoming tired and confused. What is the best nursing action?
AStop all observations so the patient can sleep
BAsk the team whether the observations can safely be done less often
CKeep the same plan, as observations matter more than sleep for patients
DAsk the doctor for a sedative to help the patient sleep
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
中心静脈カテーテルのハブにアクセスする前に、看護師は何をすべきですか?
Aほこりを取るためにハブにそっと息を吹きかける
Bハブを消毒薬でこすり、乾かす
C乾いた滅菌ガーゼでさっと拭く
D何もしない(ハブは滅菌キャップで保護されているから)
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient’s white cell differential shows a raised number of band (immature) neutrophils, called a “shift to the left”. What does this usually suggest?
AA typical viral infection
BAn acute bacterial infection
CA long-standing parasitic infection
DAn allergic reaction
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse teaches a patient who uses crutches. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will keep the crutch tips in good condition.”
B“I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
C“I will take my weight on my hands, not on my armpits.”
D“I will remove loose rugs from the floor at home.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
During JumpSTART triage, a child is not breathing after the airway is opened but has a palpable pulse. What is the next step?
ATag the child black at once and move on to the next victim
BTag the child green and return to them after the others
CStart full CPR on the child and stay with them until more help arrives
DGive five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient on haemodialysis has an arteriovenous fistula in the left arm. Which nursing care is correct?
AKeep the arm raised and still at all times
BAvoid blood pressure readings and blood samples on that arm
CUse the fistula arm for routine IV cannulas
DApply a tight bandage over the fistula at night to protect it
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
An older patient found on the floor after lying there for many hours has dark brown urine and a very high creatine kinase. What is the main risk?
AAcute kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis
BA urinary tract infection from lying in urine
CA stroke
DHypoglycaemia
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
How often is the INR usually checked when warfarin is first started?
AOnce a year, at a routine visit
BEvery few days, until it is stable
CEvery hour, during the first week
DOnly if bleeding occurs at home
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A young adult has fatigue, bruising and fever. The white cell count is 85 × 10³/µL with many blasts, the hemoglobin is 7.9 g/dL (79 g/L) and the platelets are 22 × 10³/µL. What is the most likely diagnosis?
AAcute leukemia
BPolycythemia vera
CIron-deficiency anemia
DAcute viral infection
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient is starting lisinopril. Which rare but serious adverse effect should the nurse teach the patient to report immediately?
AAn increase in appetite in the evening
BSwelling of the lips, tongue or face
CDarker skin after exposure to sunlight
DA harmless rash on the palms of the hands
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient took a large paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose 6 hours ago and feels well. Why is treatment still urgent?
AThe patient is at risk of immediate respiratory arrest
BParacetamol overdose only causes harm if symptoms start in the first hour
CThe drug will cause kidney stones within a few hours
DLiver damage appears 1–3 days later, and early treatment works best
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient on home oxygen has dry, sore lips. Which product is safest to use?
APetroleum jelly
BA water-based lubricant
CAn oil-based balm
DAn alcohol-based gel
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A nurse phones the doctor about a patient with pneumonia whose observations are worsening. Using SBAR, which statement is the clearest "recommendation"?
A"I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
B"He is 72 and was admitted yesterday with community-acquired pneumonia."
C"His heart rate is 124/min, his BP is 88/50 mmHg and he is confused."
D"I am calling about the patient in bed 6."
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with CKD is booked for a CT scan with iodinated contrast. Which measure helps protect the kidneys?
ARestricting all fluids for 24 hours before the scan
BGiving a dose of ibuprofen before the scan
CGood hydration around the scan, often with IV fluids
DDoubling the dose of contrast for a clearer image
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with acromegaly snores loudly, stops breathing at times in sleep and is sleepy during the day. What is most likely?
AObstructive sleep apnoea
BNarcolepsy
CAn anxiety disorder
DNormal snoring
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
軽症急性膵炎の栄養について、現在のガイダンスに合う記述はどれですか?
A痛みと吐き気が許せば、経口摂取を早期に再開できる
B膵臓を休ませるため、少なくとも3週間は絶飲食にしなければならない
Cアミラーゼが正常に戻るまで、食事を与えない
D患者は、経静脈栄養のみで栄養を補給すべきである
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An older patient with atrial fibrillation has sudden severe abdominal pain, but the abdomen is soft with little tenderness. Lactate is raised. What should the nurse suspect?
AIrritable bowel syndrome
BAcute mesenteric ischaemia
CSimple constipation
DMuscle strain from coughing
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Why is a baby of a mother with poorly controlled diabetes often large?
AThe mother's insulin crosses the placenta
BDiabetes always prolongs the pregnancy
CFetal hyperinsulinaemia acts as a growth hormone
DThe baby inherits a gene for large size
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman with active genital herpes lesions is admitted in early labour with intact membranes. What should the nurse expect?
AA fetal scalp electrode for close monitoring
BA vaginal birth with no special precautions
CA caesarean birth to reduce the risk of neonatal herpes
答え: B · In the morning, from a deep cough, before antibiotics start
これが答えになる理由
An early-morning sample from deep in the chest gives the best yield. Saliva is not sputum, and antibiotics can stop organisms growing in the lab.
答え
B · In the morning, from a deep cough, before antibiotics start
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Ask the team whether the observations can safely be done less often
これが答えになる理由
Lack of sleep can contribute to delirium. If the patient's scores are stable, the frequency of observations can be reviewed by the team so care is safe but less disruptive.
答え
B · Ask the team whether the observations can safely be done less often
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · ハブを消毒薬でこすり、乾かす
これが答えになる理由
アルコールやクロルヘキシジンなどの消毒薬でハブを摩擦しながら「こすり洗い(scrub the hub)」し、十分に乾かすと、中心ライン関連血流感染が減ります。乾燥時間も消毒の一部です。
答え
B · ハブを消毒薬でこすり、乾かす
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · An acute bacterial infection
これが答えになる理由
In acute bacterial infection, the bone marrow releases neutrophils before they mature, raising the proportion of bands. Allergies and parasites raise eosinophils, and viral infections more often raise lymphocytes.
答え
B · An acute bacterial infection
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
これが答えになる理由
Leaning on the axillary pads can compress the nerves in the armpit. Weight should be taken through the hands, and the home should be made safe from trip hazards.
答え
B · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
これが答えになる理由
In JumpSTART, an apneic child with a pulse gets five rescue breaths, because the cause is often respiratory. If breathing starts the child is immediate (red); if not, the child is expectant.
答え
D · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Avoid blood pressure readings and blood samples on that arm
これが答えになる理由
The fistula arm is protected from pressure, cannulas and blood tests to prevent damage and clotting. Nurses check for a palpable thrill and audible bruit, which show it is working.
答え
B · Avoid blood pressure readings and blood samples on that arm
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Acute kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis
これが答えになる理由
Prolonged pressure on muscles causes rhabdomyolysis, releasing myoglobin and potassium. Myoglobin can block kidney tubules; treatment includes IV fluids and close monitoring of urine output and electrolytes.
答え
A · Acute kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Every few days, until it is stable
これが答えになる理由
When warfarin is started or its dose changes, the INR is checked frequently (often every few days) until it is stable in the target range. After that, the interval can be extended, often up to every 4 weeks or longer if very stable.
答え
B · Every few days, until it is stable
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Acute leukemia
これが答えになる理由
Many circulating blasts with anemia and thrombocytopenia suggest acute leukemia: malignant cells crowd out normal production in the marrow. Despite the high white count, the patient has few working white cells and is at high risk of infection and bleeding.
答え
A · Acute leukemia
11.薬理学
答え: B · Swelling of the lips, tongue or face
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors can cause angioedema, which can obstruct the airway and needs emergency care. It is linked to raised bradykinin levels and can occur even after long use.
答え
B · Swelling of the lips, tongue or face
12.薬理学
答え: D · Liver damage appears 1–3 days later, and early treatment works best
これが答えになる理由
Paracetamol overdose often causes few symptoms at first, while the toxic metabolite damages the liver. Liver injury peaks after about 3 days, so the decision to treat is based on the timed blood level, not on symptoms.
答え
D · Liver damage appears 1–3 days later, and early treatment works best
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · A water-based lubricant
これが答えになる理由
Oil-based products such as petroleum jelly can ignite or burn intensely in high oxygen concentrations and have caused facial burns. Water-based products are recommended. Oxygen cylinders are kept upright and secured, away from heat and flames.
答え
B · A water-based lubricant
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
これが答えになる理由
In SBAR, the recommendation states clearly what the nurse needs and how quickly, such as a review within a set time. The other statements belong to situation, background and assessment. Structured communication reduces delays in escalation.
答え
A · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Good hydration around the scan, often with IV fluids
これが答えになる理由
Iodinated contrast can contribute to AKI in at-risk patients. Good hydration, using the lowest dose needed, avoiding nephrotoxic drugs and checking kidney function afterwards help reduce the risk.
答え
C · Good hydration around the scan, often with IV fluids
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Obstructive sleep apnoea
これが答えになる理由
Growth hormone excess enlarges the tongue and upper airway tissues, so obstructive sleep apnoea is common in acromegaly. It needs assessment because it raises cardiovascular risk and affects safety under anaesthesia.
An embolus from AF can block the mesenteric artery, causing bowel ischaemia. Early signs are severe pain with few findings; raised lactate and peritonitis appear as the bowel dies. It needs urgent CT and surgery.
答え
B · Acute mesenteric ischaemia
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Fetal hyperinsulinaemia acts as a growth hormone
これが答えになる理由
Maternal glucose crosses the placenta, so the fetal pancreas makes extra insulin, which promotes growth and fat storage. After birth this extra insulin continues and can cause neonatal hypoglycaemia.
答え
C · Fetal hyperinsulinaemia acts as a growth hormone
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · A caesarean birth to reduce the risk of neonatal herpes
これが答えになる理由
Active genital lesions or prodromal symptoms at the onset of labour are an indication for caesarean birth because neonatal herpes can be severe. Invasive procedures such as scalp electrodes are avoided.
答え
C · A caesarean birth to reduce the risk of neonatal herpes
21.小児看護
答え: C · 腸重積症
これが答えになる理由
腸重積症は、間欠的な疝痛、嘔吐、ソーセージ状の腫瘤、血液と粘液を含む便を起こします。緊急事態です。
答え
C · 腸重積症
22.小児看護
答え: C · A 7-year-old with glomerulonephritis who has a severe headache and blurred vision
これが答えになる理由
Severe headache and visual disturbance in glomerulonephritis suggest hypertensive encephalopathy, which can lead to seizures. The other children are stable or improving.
答え
C · A 7-year-old with glomerulonephritis who has a severe headache and blurred vision
23.精神看護
答え: C · Intensive team-based support at home for people with severe mental illness and frequent admissions
これが答えになる理由
ACT teams provide frequent, flexible, multidisciplinary support in people's homes and communities, including help with medicines, housing and daily living. It aims to reduce hospital admissions.
答え
C · Intensive team-based support at home for people with severe mental illness and frequent admissions
24.精神看護
答え: D · Medical stabilisation, with careful refeeding and correction of electrolytes
これが答えになる理由
Severe malnutrition and electrolyte imbalance can be life-threatening. Medical stabilisation and safe refeeding come first; psychological therapy becomes more effective once she is physically safer.
答え
D · Medical stabilisation, with careful refeeding and correction of electrolytes
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 36.8 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
98.3 − 32 = 66.3
5/9を掛ける
T = 66.3·5/9 = 36.83 ≈ 36.8 °C
答え
T = 36.8 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: c = 328 mg/dL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。