安定した成人に腹痛があり、バイタルサインは正常です。血液検査と CT 検査が必要になります。どの ESI レベルが当てはまりますか?
Aレベル 5
Bレベル 3
Cレベル 4
Dレベル 1
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
After cardiac surgery, a patient becomes hypotensive with distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds, and chest drain output has suddenly stopped. What should the nurse suspect?
ACardiac tamponade
BHypovolemic shock from dehydration
CA blocked urinary catheter
DLeft-sided heart failure
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which side effect is common when a patient starts taking metformin?
ANausea, abdominal discomfort or diarrhoea
BHypoglycaemia in most patients who take it
CSevere headache
DRapid weight gain
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
抗凝固薬を使用中の患者が転倒して頭を打ちましたが、元気そうに見えます。正しい対応は?
A元気そうなので何もしない
B抗凝固薬を追加で投与する
C観察なしで眠るよう勧める
D医師の診察と、おそらく CT 検査を手配し、神経学的観察を行う
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
2 日間嘔吐が続いている患者の BUN が 32 mg/dL(尿素 11.4 mmol/L)で、クレアチニンは正常です。最も考えられる原因はどれですか?
A肝不全
B低蛋白食
C脱水
D水分過剰
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?
AAcute pyelonephritis
BSimple cystitis
CGlomerulonephritis
DNephrotic syndrome
11.薬理学ふつう
薬のクリアランスは何を表しますか?
A薬が血漿から完全に消えるまでに必要な時間
B単位時間あたりに薬が除去される血漿の容積
C1 回の透析で除去される薬の量
D投与量のうち吸収される割合
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is the TPMT enzyme often tested before azathioprine is started?
AHigh TPMT activity causes an allergic reaction to azathioprine
BLow TPMT activity causes toxic levels and marrow suppression
CTPMT testing shows whether the patient has tuberculosis
DTPMT is needed to absorb azathioprine from the gut
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient has a prosthetic heart valve. Which teaching best reduces the risk of infective endocarditis?
AAvoid all physical exercise for the rest of their life
BKeep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups
CAvoid eating dairy products and raw vegetables
DTake a daily antibiotic tablet indefinitely
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Two days after coronary artery bypass surgery, a patient feels palpitations. The pulse is irregularly irregular at 140/min and BP is 112/70 mmHg. Which rhythm is most likely?
答え: D · It only protects if it seals closely to the wearer's face
これが答えになる理由
A respirator filters tiny airborne particles only if air passes through the filter, not around a gap. Fit-testing and a fit-check every time it is worn make sure it seals.
答え
D · It only protects if it seals closely to the wearer's face
答え: D · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery
これが答えになる理由
Razors cause tiny skin cuts that bacteria can colonize, which raises the infection risk. If hair must be removed, clippers are used close to the time of surgery.
答え
D · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery
Hypotension, distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds suggest fluid compressing the heart. A sudden stop in chest drain output can mean clots are trapping blood around the heart; this is an emergency.
答え
A · Cardiac tamponade
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Nausea, abdominal discomfort or diarrhoea
これが答えになる理由
Gastrointestinal upset is common at the start, so metformin is started at a low dose with food and increased gradually. It rarely causes hypoglycaemia when used alone.
体液が不足すると、腎臓は尿素をより多く再吸収するため、BUN はクレアチニンに比べて不釣り合いに上昇します(BUN/クレアチニン比が 20:1 を超える)。肝不全と低蛋白食は BUN を低下させます。
答え
C · 脱水
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Acute pyelonephritis
これが答えになる理由
White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.
答え: B · Low TPMT activity causes toxic levels and marrow suppression
これが答えになる理由
Thiopurine methyltransferase helps inactivate azathioprine and mercaptopurine. People with low or absent TPMT activity need much lower doses or another drug to avoid life-threatening myelosuppression.
答え
B · Low TPMT activity causes toxic levels and marrow suppression
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Keep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups
これが答えになる理由
Oral bacteria often enter the blood and can settle on prosthetic valves. Good oral hygiene and regular dental care are key. Patients should also report unexplained fever and avoid body piercing or tattoos where possible. Antibiotic prophylaxis policies differ between countries.
答え
B · Keep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Atrial fibrillation
これが答えになる理由
New atrial fibrillation affects a large proportion of patients in the first days after cardiac surgery, often due to inflammation, electrolyte shifts and stress. Management includes a 12-lead ECG, checking potassium and magnesium, rate or rhythm control and considering anticoagulation.
答え: D · Tell the prescriber and check glucose often overnight
これが答えになる理由
Rapid-acting insulin without a meal can cause hypoglycaemia. The nurse informs the prescriber, monitors glucose closely, offers carbohydrate, follows advice about the missed basal dose and reports the incident.
答え
D · Tell the prescriber and check glucose often overnight
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · IV fluids followed by an IV bisphosphonate
これが答えになる理由
Hypercalcaemia causes polyuria and dehydration, so IV saline is given first, then a bisphosphonate such as zoledronic acid to reduce bone resorption. Calcium, kidney function and symptoms are monitored.
A retained placenta is one that has not been delivered within the expected time, usually about 30 minutes with active management. It increases the risk of haemorrhage and may need manual removal.
答え
A · Retained placenta
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · It can progress to pyelonephritis and trigger preterm labour
これが答えになる理由
Urinary stasis in pregnancy lets bacteria ascend, so untreated bacteriuria often progresses to pyelonephritis, which is linked with preterm labour. A pregnancy-safe antibiotic and a repeat culture are standard.
答え
D · It can progress to pyelonephritis and trigger preterm labour
21.小児看護
答え: C · 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher
これが答えになる理由
A temperature of 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher is generally considered a fever in children. In young infants even a modest fever can signal serious infection and needs prompt assessment.
In later life, the task is to look back and find meaning in one's life. Reminiscence supports a sense of integrity; failure leads to regret and despair.
答え
D · Integrity versus despair
24.精神看護
答え: D · Look for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder
これが答えになる理由
New psychosis in an older adult needs a full medical work-up. Delirium, medicine effects, infections, metabolic problems, dementia and brain lesions are common causes.
答え
D · Look for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 35.8 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
96.5 − 32 = 64.5
5/9を掛ける
T = 64.5·5/9 = 35.83 ≈ 35.8 °C
答え
T = 35.8 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 200 mL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
全投与期間
V = 5 mL × 4/日 × 10 = 200 mL
答え
V = 200 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 180 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
10·18 = 180 mg
答え
D = 180 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 3 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。