A patient who injects drugs has a fever, a new heart murmur and small dark lines under the nails. What is the likely diagnosis?
APericarditis
BRheumatic fever
CMyocardial infarction
DInfective endocarditis
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A few hours after cardiac surgery, a patient has low blood pressure, a raised jugular venous pressure and quiet, muffled heart sounds. What should be suspected?
ACardiac tamponade
BHypovolaemia from dehydration
CPneumonia
DHyperkalaemia
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
カリウムを細胞内に移動させて、血清カリウムを下げる治療はどれですか?
A10 分かけて静脈内投与するグルコン酸カルシウム
B0.45 % 塩化ナトリウムの静脈内点滴
Cブドウ糖とともに静脈内投与する速効型(レギュラー)インスリン
D経口の塩化カリウム補充
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient taking isoniazid for latent TB reports nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine. The ALT is five times the upper limit of normal. What is the best action?
AHold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
BContinue the isoniazid and give it with food to settle the stomach
CReassure the patient that dark urine is a harmless drug effect
DDouble the dose to finish the treatment course more quickly
11.薬理学ふつう
ニトログリセリン(GTN)はどのように狭心症を和らげますか?
A冠動脈の血栓を溶かす
B収縮力を高めて、心臓がより効率よく血液を送り出せるようにする
Cβ1 受容体を遮断して心拍を遅くする
D一酸化窒素を放出し、主に静脈を拡張して心臓の仕事量を減らす
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with angina is taught to use sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin). Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will sit down before I take the tablet, because it can make me feel faint or dizzy."
B"I may get a headache after taking it."
C"I will replace my tablets before the expiry date."
D"If the pain is no better after one tablet, I will wait an hour before calling for help."
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient on ramipril is to start sacubitril/valsartan for heart failure. What is the key safety point?
AThe ACE inhibitor must be stopped first, with a gap before starting
BThe ACE inhibitor dose should be doubled during the change
CBoth drugs should be taken together each day for the best effect
DSacubitril/valsartan is safe to start on the same morning
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient is listed for coronary angiography in the morning. Which pre-procedure result should the nurse report to the team?
AA markedly reduced eGFR
BA normal platelet count
CA haemoglobin in the normal range
DA blood glucose of 5.4 mmol/L (97 mg/dL)
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
頭部外傷の後、患者の鼻から透明な液体が滴っています。主な懸念は何ですか?
A単なる風邪や花粉症の発作
B泣いた後にできる正常な粘液
CCT造影剤に対するアレルギー反応
D頭蓋骨骨折による脳脊髄液の漏れ
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient on IV gentamicin has a rising creatinine and a high trough level. What should the nurse do?
AGive the next dose early to clear the infection quickly
BStop measuring the drug levels
CHold the next dose and inform the prescriber
DEncourage more fluids and give the dose as planned
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why are antiemetics usually given before chemotherapy starts?
APreventing nausea works better than treating it later
BThey cannot be given once nausea has started
CThey stop the chemotherapy from causing hair loss and mouth sores
DAntiemetics make the chemotherapy work better
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An older patient on regular opioids has small amounts of liquid stool leaking all day, but has not had a formed bowel movement for 6 days. What is the most likely cause?
AFaecal impaction with overflow
BAcute infective gastroenteritis
CNormal stool pattern on opioids
DA flare of ulcerative colitis
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Low-dose aspirin may be prescribed from early pregnancy to a woman with a high risk of:
APre-eclampsia
BPlacenta praevia
CGestational diabetes
DHyperemesis gravidarum
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman had a classical (vertical upper-segment) caesarean in her last pregnancy. She asks about her plan for this birth. Which answer is accurate?
AShe should try for a vaginal birth with oxytocin induction
BA planned repeat caesarean before labour is advised
CHer previous incision makes no difference to the plan
The patient breathes out, seals the lips round the mouthpiece, presses as they start a slow deep breath in, then holds the breath for about 10 seconds or as long as is comfortable.
答え
A · Hold their breath for about 10 seconds
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Contact the prescriber or pharmacist for a suitable alternative
これが答えになる理由
Crushing a modified-release tablet can release the full dose at once and cause toxicity. The prescriber or pharmacist can suggest a liquid, a patch or another drug, and any omitted dose is documented.
答え
A · Contact the prescriber or pharmacist for a suitable alternative
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Use a friction-reducing sheet with enough staff, with the bed flat if tolerated
これが答えになる理由
Lowering the head of the bed, if the patient tolerates it, and using a slide sheet with two or more staff reduces the force needed. Pulling on arms can injure shoulders, and dragging damages skin.
答え
D · Use a friction-reducing sheet with enough staff, with the bed flat if tolerated
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Respiratory rate 24/min, new confusion, systolic BP 95 mmHg
これが答えになる理由
qSOFA scores one point each for a respiratory rate of 22/min or more, altered mental status and a systolic BP of 100 mmHg or less. Two or more points mean higher risk, so the first patient needs urgent escalation.
答え
A · Respiratory rate 24/min, new confusion, systolic BP 95 mmHg
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
これが答えになる理由
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The nurse covers the organs with sterile saline-moistened dressings, stays with the patient, positions them to reduce strain and calls the surgeon at once.
答え
B · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
Infective endocarditis causes fever and a new or changing murmur, sometimes with splinter haemorrhages. Several sets of blood cultures are taken before long-course IV antibiotics.
答え
D · Infective endocarditis
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Cardiac tamponade
これが答えになる理由
Hypotension, raised JVP and muffled heart sounds (Beck's triad) suggest cardiac tamponade. Blood in the pericardial space compresses the heart and needs urgent drainage.
答え: A · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
これが答えになる理由
Isoniazid can cause hepatitis, which may be severe. Symptoms such as nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine with a markedly raised ALT mean the drug should be held and the prescriber informed. Patients are taught to avoid alcohol and report these symptoms early.
答え
A · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
答え: D · "If the pain is no better after one tablet, I will wait an hour before calling for help."
これが答えになる理由
Unrelieved chest pain may be a heart attack, so help must not be delayed. In US teaching, emergency services are called if pain is not better 5 minutes after the first dose; UK advice is to repeat the dose after 5 minutes and call 999 if pain persists 5 minutes after the second. Sitting down prevents falls from hypotension, and headache is a common effect.
答え
D · "If the pain is no better after one tablet, I will wait an hour before calling for help."
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · The ACE inhibitor must be stopped first, with a gap before starting
これが答えになる理由
Combining an ACE inhibitor with sacubitril/valsartan greatly increases the risk of angioedema. The ACE inhibitor is stopped and a washout period (usually 36 hours) is observed before starting. Blood pressure, potassium and renal function are monitored.
答え
A · The ACE inhibitor must be stopped first, with a gap before starting
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · A markedly reduced eGFR
これが答えになる理由
Contrast can worsen renal function, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes or dehydration. Reduced eGFR may change the plan, such as IV hydration, less contrast and review of nephrotoxic drugs. Allergy history, anticoagulants and bleeding risk are also checked.
答え: C · Hold the next dose and inform the prescriber
これが答えになる理由
Aminoglycosides can cause acute tubular necrosis and ototoxicity, especially with high trough levels. A high trough suggests poor clearance. The dose is held and the prescriber reviews the regimen.
答え
C · Hold the next dose and inform the prescriber
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Preventing nausea works better than treating it later
これが答えになる理由
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is better prevented than treated. Antiemetics are given before treatment and regularly afterwards, according to how emetogenic the regimen is.
答え
A · Preventing nausea works better than treating it later
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Faecal impaction with overflow
これが答えになる理由
Overflow diarrhoea occurs when liquid stool leaks around impacted faeces. Antidiarrhoeal drugs would worsen it; the nurse escalates for assessment, and treatment includes laxatives or enemas and review of the opioids.
答え
A · Faecal impaction with overflow
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Pre-eclampsia
これが答えになる理由
Low-dose aspirin started around 12 weeks reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia in women at high risk, such as those with previous pre-eclampsia, chronic hypertension or kidney disease.
答え
A · Pre-eclampsia
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · A planned repeat caesarean before labour is advised
これが答えになる理由
A classical uterine scar carries a high risk of rupture during labour, so trial of labour is contraindicated. A repeat caesarean is planned before labour starts, and she should come in at once if contractions begin.
答え
B · A planned repeat caesarean before labour is advised
答え: B · Sedation, dizziness when standing and weight gain
これが答えになる理由
Quetiapine commonly causes drowsiness, orthostatic hypotension and metabolic effects. It has a lower risk of extrapyramidal effects and raised prolactin than many other antipsychotics.
答え
B · Sedation, dizziness when standing and weight gain
24.精神看護
答え: C · "I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
これが答えになる理由
Antipsychotics are continued after symptoms improve, because stopping them early is a major cause of relapse. Any change should be discussed with the prescriber.
答え
C · "I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
c = 2·88.4 = 176.8 ≈ 177 µmol/L
答え
c = 177 µmol/L
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 110 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
15·22 = 330 mg
1 回あたり
D = 330/3 = 110 mg
答え
D = 110 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 9.6 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
10·24 = 240 mg
体積
V = (240/125)·5 = 9.6 mL
答え
V = 9.6 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 56.67 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).