When giving several medicines through a feeding tube, what is correct?
AMix them all together in the feed so they are given at the same time
BGive each medicine separately and flush with water between them
CGive them without flushing to save time
DCrush every tablet, including modified-release ones
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Five days after hip surgery, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with sharp chest pain and a fast heart rate. What should the nurse suspect?
ANormal recovery after hip surgery
BA pulmonary embolism
CAnxiety about going home
DA chest infection developing slowly
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A visitor with a cold wants to see a patient who has severe neutropenia. What should the nurse advise?
APostpone the visit until the visitor is well
BVisit but avoid touching the patient’s bed
CVisit as usual after washing the hands
DVisit only if the cold started more than a day ago
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient asks for a pain tablet. The record shows none has been given, but the patient says, “The other nurse gave me one earlier.” What should the nurse do?
ATell the patient they must be confused
BCheck with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
CGive the tablet, because the record shows none was given
DGive half a tablet now, to be safe, and the other half later if needed
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient with severe neutropenia needs a room. Which roommate is the safest choice?
AA patient with influenza
BA patient with C. difficile diarrhea
CA patient after a knee replacement with no signs of infection
答え: B · Give each medicine separately and flush with water between them
これが答えになる理由
Each drug is prepared and given separately, with water flushes before, between and after, to prevent tube blockage and drug interactions. A pharmacist advises on suitable forms.
答え
B · Give each medicine separately and flush with water between them
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · A pulmonary embolism
これが答えになる理由
Sudden breathlessness, pleuritic chest pain and tachycardia after surgery suggest a clot from the leg has reached the lungs. This is an emergency needing urgent medical review.
答え
B · A pulmonary embolism
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
これが答えになる理由
Patients with severe neutropenia cannot fight infections well. People with respiratory or other infections should not visit until they are well; other visitors perform hand hygiene.
答え
A · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
これが答えになる理由
Undocumented doses can lead to double dosing. The nurse checks with colleagues and the dispensing records, then gives the drug only once it is clear whether a dose was given.
答え
B · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · A patient after a knee replacement with no signs of infection
これが答えになる理由
A neutropenic patient cannot fight infection well, so the roommate must not have a transmissible infection. A clean postoperative patient is the safest choice; ideally the neutropenic patient has a single room.
答え
C · A patient after a knee replacement with no signs of infection
Blood cultures taken before antibiotics are more likely to grow the organism, which allows targeted treatment later. Antibiotics should still be given promptly and must not be delayed.
答え
B · Blood cultures
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · The cold protects the brain, so recovery may be possible after long resuscitation
これが答えになる理由
Hypothermia reduces the brain's oxygen needs, and good recoveries have occurred after long resuscitation. Death is usually not confirmed until the patient has been rewarmed, unless injuries are clearly not survivable.
答え
A · The cold protects the brain, so recovery may be possible after long resuscitation
答え: B · Severe bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced
これが答えになる理由
Azathioprine is converted to mercaptopurine, which is partly inactivated by xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol blocks this enzyme, so levels rise and dangerous myelosuppression can occur unless the dose is greatly reduced or the combination avoided.
答え
B · Severe bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced
答え: B · "If I miss a dose, I will take two the next day."
これが答えになる理由
Doubling up after a missed dose can cause over-anticoagulation and bleeding. Patients are usually told to take a missed dose the same day if they remember, or skip it and record it, then seek advice. Regular INR checks, telling other clinicians and checking interactions are correct.
答え
B · "If I miss a dose, I will take two the next day."
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Keep the needle in the skin for about 10 seconds
これが答えになる理由
Holding the needle in place for around 10 seconds (or as the manufacturer advises) lets the full dose be delivered. A new needle is used for each injection, and the site should not be massaged.
答え
B · Keep the needle in the skin for about 10 seconds
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Start sepsis care at once, with IV antibiotics and fluids
これが答えになる理由
These findings suggest sepsis from a urinary source. Blood cultures, lactate, IV antibiotics within the hour, IV fluids and close monitoring of urine output are started, and senior review is requested.
答え
B · Start sepsis care at once, with IV antibiotics and fluids
答え: B · Apply gentle pressure to the head to slow the birth
これが答えになる理由
Gentle pressure on the fetal head, with the woman panting, slows birth and reduces perineal tearing and rapid pressure changes in the fetal skull. The nurse then checks for a nuchal cord and supports the baby's body.
答え
B · Apply gentle pressure to the head to slow the birth
Perthes disease is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most often boys aged about 4–8 years. It presents with a limp and hip, thigh or knee pain; treatment aims to keep the femoral head well positioned in the socket while it heals.
答え
A · Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease
23.精神看護
答え: B · Swelling of the salivary glands at the angle of the jaw
これが答えになる理由
Repeated vomiting can enlarge the parotid glands and erode tooth enamel. Patients with bulimia often have a normal weight, and purging tends to lower potassium.
答え
B · Swelling of the salivary glands at the angle of the jaw
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
15·80 = 1200 mg
1 回あたり
D = 1200/2 = 600 mg
答え
D = 600 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 50 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.