A patient at 35 weeks of pregnancy with high blood pressure calls the clinic. Which symptom needs urgent assessment?
AMild ankle swelling at the end of the day
BNeeding to pass urine more often
CBackache after a long walk
DA severe headache with blurred vision
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A child is admitted with a suspected Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma). Which instruction is most important for all staff?
AEncourage the child to play contact sports
BDo not palpate the abdomen
CGive a warm bath with abdominal massage
DMeasure abdominal girth by pressing firmly
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which group of symptoms suggests hypothyroidism?
AExcessive thirst and passing large volumes of urine
BTiredness, weight gain and feeling cold
CFever, neck stiffness and photophobia
DWeight loss, heat intolerance and tremor
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
勤務の始めに、病棟看護師が最初に評価すべき患者は?
A新たに混乱が出現し、呼吸数が 28 回/分の患者
B下剤を求めている患者
Cバイタルサインが安定していて退院を待っている患者
D慢性腰痛で痛みが 4/10 の患者
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A healthy patient's result is slightly outside the laboratory reference range, and all other results are normal. Which statement best explains why this can happen?
ARanges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
BReference ranges are the same in every laboratory worldwide
CReference ranges include every healthy person without exception
DAny result outside the range always means disease is present
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has marked generalized edema. Results show heavy proteinuria, serum albumin 1.8 g/dL (18 g/L) and total cholesterol 340 mg/dL (8.8 mmol/L). Which condition fits best?
ANephrotic syndrome
BPrerenal kidney injury
CLiver cirrhosis only
DAcute pyelonephritis
11.薬理学ふつう
Why is propranolol usually avoided in patients with asthma?
AIt increases mucus production by blocking histamine
BIt blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways and can cause bronchospasm
CIt causes tolerance to inhaled corticosteroids
DIt stimulates alpha-1 receptors in the airways and raises blood pressure
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is glibenclamide (glyburide) generally avoided in older adults?
AIt is not absorbed in people over 65
BIt is long-acting and can cause prolonged, severe hypoglycaemia
CIt causes severe weight loss and muscle wasting in older people
DIt causes high blood glucose in older adults
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator asks what to do if it fires. Which teaching is correct?
ADrive straight to hospital alone after any shock so the device can be checked by the team
BIgnore any shock at all, because the device is designed to fire every day and needs no follow-up
CRemove the device battery at home if it fires more than once
DOne shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with a confirmed pulmonary embolism has BP 78/50 mmHg despite fluids, and the right ventricle is dilated on echocardiography. Which treatment is most likely?
AOral apixaban only, started next week
BAn inhaled bronchodilator
CCompression stockings and bed rest
DSystemic thrombolysis
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient has a nephrostomy tube. Which finding needs urgent action?
ALight pink urine on the first day after insertion
BDrainage that stops suddenly with new loin pain
CA dry, intact dressing at the site
DSteady urine drainage into the bag
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with Parkinson's disease becomes agitated and confused at night. Which newly prescribed drug should the nurse question?
AMelatonin
BHaloperidol
CParacetamol (acetaminophen)
DLactulose
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Aspirate from a nasogastric tube has a pH of 7. What should the nurse do?
ADo not use it; re-test later or arrange an X-ray as per policy
BFlush with 50 mL of air and start the feed
CGive the medicines but not the feed
DStart the feed slowly and watch the patient closely for coughing
The Sepsis Six are: give oxygen if needed, take blood cultures, give IV antibiotics, give IV fluids, check lactate and monitor urine output, ideally within the first hour.
答え
C · Measuring urine output
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Category 4
これが答えになる理由
Category 4 (Stage 4 in the US NPIAP system) involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. It carries a high risk of osteomyelitis and needs specialist input.
答え
B · Category 4
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
これが答えになる理由
Latex proteins can become airborne on glove powder and settle in the room. Using a latex-safe room and supplies and scheduling the patient first, when airborne latex is lowest, reduce the risk.
答え
D · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
A severe headache and visual changes can be signs of severe pre-eclampsia and a risk of eclampsia. Mild ankle swelling, backache and frequent urination are common in late pregnancy.
答え
D · A severe headache with blurred vision
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Do not palpate the abdomen
これが答えになる理由
Palpating a Wilms tumor can rupture the capsule and spread cancer cells. A sign is often put on the bed to warn staff not to palpate the abdomen.
答え
B · Do not palpate the abdomen
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Tiredness, weight gain and feeling cold
これが答えになる理由
Low thyroid hormone slows metabolism, causing fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin and bradycardia. Weight loss, heat intolerance and tremor suggest hyperthyroidism.
答え: A · Ranges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
これが答えになる理由
A reference range is usually the central 95% of results from a healthy population, so about 1 in 20 healthy people will have a value just outside it. The result is interpreted with the clinical picture and previous values, and repeated if needed.
答え
A · Ranges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Nephrotic syndrome
これが答えになる理由
Nephrotic syndrome is heavy proteinuria with low albumin, edema and high lipids. Low albumin reduces oncotic pressure, causing edema, and the liver increases lipoprotein production. There is also a higher risk of clots and infection.
答え
A · Nephrotic syndrome
11.薬理学
答え: B · It blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways and can cause bronchospasm
これが答えになる理由
Non-selective beta blockers block both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. Blocking beta-2 receptors in the bronchi removes their relaxing effect and can trigger severe bronchospasm.
答え
B · It blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways and can cause bronchospasm
12.薬理学
答え: B · It is long-acting and can cause prolonged, severe hypoglycaemia
これが答えになる理由
Glibenclamide has a long action and active metabolites that accumulate when kidney function declines. Older adults are at high risk of prolonged hypoglycaemia, so shorter-acting agents or other drug classes are preferred.
答え
B · It is long-acting and can cause prolonged, severe hypoglycaemia
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · One shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
これが答えになる理由
A single shock with full recovery usually needs a call to the device team. Several shocks in a short time, or a shock with chest pain, breathlessness or collapse, needs emergency help. Patients should not drive themselves after a shock.
答え
D · One shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Systemic thrombolysis
これが答えになる理由
A PE causing sustained hypotension is high-risk and usually treated with thrombolysis to dissolve the clot quickly, unless contraindicated, when surgical or catheter removal may be used. Stable patients are usually treated with anticoagulation alone.
答え
D · Systemic thrombolysis
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Drainage that stops suddenly with new loin pain
これが答えになる理由
A sudden stop in drainage with pain suggests the tube is blocked or dislodged, so the kidney is obstructed again. The nurse checks for kinks and escalates urgently. Fever or rigors may signal infection.
答え
B · Drainage that stops suddenly with new loin pain
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Haloperidol
これが答えになる理由
Haloperidol is a dopamine antagonist and can severely worsen parkinsonian symptoms. Metoclopramide is avoided for the same reason. Causes of delirium should be looked for, and specialist advice is needed if a drug is required.
答え
B · Haloperidol
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Do not use it; re-test later or arrange an X-ray as per policy
これが答えになる理由
A pH above 5.5 may mean the tube is in the lung or oesophagus, or the stomach acid is reduced by drugs or feed. Nothing is given until position is confirmed according to local policy.
答え
A · Do not use it; re-test later or arrange an X-ray as per policy
答え: D · Short breathing pauses with no colour change
これが答えになる理由
Newborns breathe irregularly, with short pauses of a few seconds and no change in colour or heart rate. Apnoea of 20 seconds or more, or any pause with cyanosis or bradycardia, is abnormal.
答え
D · Short breathing pauses with no colour change
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · A breast abscess needing drainage
これが答えになる理由
A fluctuant, persistent painful mass despite antibiotics suggests a breast abscess. It needs ultrasound and drainage. Breastfeeding from the other breast can usually continue.
答え
B · A breast abscess needing drainage
21.小児看護
答え: C · 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher
これが答えになる理由
A temperature of 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher is generally considered a fever in children. In young infants even a modest fever can signal serious infection and needs prompt assessment.
答え
C · 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher
22.小児看護
答え: D · Observe her in hospital for several hours, as breathing problems can develop later
これが答えになる理由
After a drowning incident, even a child who seems well can develop worsening breathing difficulty and low oxygen over the following hours. Children who had symptoms such as coughing need medical assessment and a period of observation.
答え
D · Observe her in hospital for several hours, as breathing problems can develop later
23.精神看護
答え: C · It uses magnetic pulses on the scalp while the patient is awake, without causing a seizure
これが答えになる理由
rTMS stimulates specific brain areas with a magnetic coil held on the head. It does not need anaesthesia or cause a seizure and is used for depression that has not responded to medicines.
答え
C · It uses magnetic pulses on the scalp while the patient is awake, without causing a seizure
24.精神看護
答え: C · His usual methadone should continue, and additional analgesia is usually needed for acute pain
これが答えになる理由
Maintenance methadone prevents withdrawal but does not treat acute pain. Patients with opioid tolerance often need more analgesia than usual. Withholding pain relief is unsafe and unethical.
答え
C · His usual methadone should continue, and additional analgesia is usually needed for acute pain
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 170 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
5·12 + 7 = 67 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 67·2.54 = 170.2 ≈ 170 cm
答え
h = 170 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 450 mL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1 tbsp = 1·15 = 15 mL
全投与期間
V = 15 mL × 3/日 × 10 = 450 mL
答え
V = 450 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 62.5 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
10·25 = 250 mg
1 回あたり
D = 250/4 = 62.5 mg
答え
D = 62.5 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 20 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 2.5·200/25 = 20 mL
答え
V₁ = 20 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 40 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.