An 82-year-old taking apixaban fell three weeks ago. Since then their family has noticed increasing confusion and headaches. Which condition is most likely?
A woman at 16 weeks says she drinks four cups of strong coffee a day. Which response is most appropriate?
AAdvise limiting caffeine to about 200 mg a day, roughly two cups of coffee
BAdvise switching to energy drinks, which contain less caffeine
CTell her coffee has no effect on pregnancy and she can continue
DTell her to switch to strong tea, which has no caffeine
21.小児看護ふつう
A child has just spilled hot tea on his arm. What is the correct first aid?
ABurst any blisters to let the heat out
BHold ice directly on the burn for about an hour to stop the pain
CCool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
DSpread butter or toothpaste on the burn
22.小児看護むずかしい
A toddler weighed 10 kg before 2 days of diarrhoea and now weighs 9.5 kg. How much has he lost?
A500 g, about 50% of his body weight
B50 g, about 0.5% of his body weight
C1 kg, about 10% of his body weight
D500 g, about 5% of his body weight, mostly fluid
23.精神看護ふつう
「自殺しない約束(ノースーサイド契約)」が安全対策として推奨されないのはなぜですか?
A自殺を防ぐというエビデンスがなく、偽りの安心感を与えるおそれがあるため
B子どもにしか使えないため
Cどこでも違法であるため
D長くて複雑すぎて、ほとんどの患者は読めず、署名する患者が少ないため
24.精神看護むずかしい
A 6-month-old has a spiral fracture of the arm. The parents say he "rolled off the sofa". The nurse also notices bruises of different colours on his back. What is the most appropriate action?
AReport the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety
BAccept the parents' explanation, because babies often fall
CTell the parents that the nurse knows they are abusing the child
DDischarge the child quickly so that the parents do not become angry and stop bringing him for medical care
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 投与が 10:00 AM と記録されています。24時間表記で同じ時刻の記載はどれですか。クリックしてください。
10:00 AM
122:00
210:00
311:00
409:00
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者が1勤務帯の間に 3 カップ / お茶, ½ tsp / 咳止めシロップ, 1 tbsp / 液体サプリメント を摂取しました。与えられた換算値を使って、経口摂取量の合計 V を mL で求めてください。
1 カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 16 kg の子どもに、10 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 50 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
16 kg10 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 0.26 mg です。アンプルは 1 mL あたり 1000 マイクログラムを含みます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
0.26 mg1000 mcg/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
20 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1500 mL を 5 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1500 mL5 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグは 50 mL 中に薬を 250 mg 含み、20 mL/h で投与されています。患者が受け取るのは 1 時間あたり何 mg D ですか?
250 mg/50 mL20 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 練習用プロトコルでは、体重 109 kg の患者にヘパリン 60 単位/kg をボーラス投与することになっています。バイアルは 5 000 単位/mL です。何 mL V 吸い上げますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
60 個/kg109 kg5 000 個/mL
V = mL
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dobutamine 250 mg が 250 mL 中に含まれています。体重 70 kg の患者に 5 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
250 mg/250 mL5 mcg/kg/min70 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。
答え: A · That they know how and when to take them and what to report
これが答えになる理由
Safe discharge needs the patient or carer to understand dose, timing, purpose and important side effects. Teach-back and written information help confirm this.
答え
A · That they know how and when to take them and what to report
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Pressure damage, hypothermia and muscle breakdown
これが答えになる理由
A long lie causes pressure injury, hypothermia, dehydration and rhabdomyolysis, which can damage the kidneys. The patient is assessed carefully for these as well as for fractures.
答え
C · Pressure damage, hypothermia and muscle breakdown
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
これが答えになる理由
PCA is safe because a patient who becomes drowsy stops pressing the button. When others press it (“PCA by proxy”), sedation and respiratory depression can occur.
答え
C · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
これが答えになる理由
Restraints are used only as long as needed to keep people safe. Once the patient no longer presents a danger, the restraints are removed, even if the order has not yet expired.
答え
D · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Follow the DNR order and do not start CPR
これが答えになる理由
A valid DNR order means CPR is not started. The nurse keeps the patient comfortable, informs the provider and supports the family.
答え
C · Follow the DNR order and do not start CPR
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Trachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure
これが答えになる理由
In tension pneumothorax, trapped air pushes the mediastinum to the other side, reducing venous return and blood pressure. It is life-threatening and needs immediate decompression.
答え
C · Trachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · The risk of a full stroke is highest in the days after a TIA
これが答えになる理由
The risk of stroke is highest soon after a TIA. Rapid assessment and treatment, such as antiplatelets, statins and carotid imaging, reduce this risk.
答え
B · The risk of a full stroke is highest in the days after a TIA
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Pericarditis
これが答えになる理由
Pericarditis typically causes sharp, positional chest pain relieved by sitting forward, sometimes with a pericardial rub. Viral infection is a common cause.
答え: C · Use the salbutamol first, wait a few minutes, then use the steroid
これが答えになる理由
The bronchodilator opens the airways so that the inhaled steroid can reach further into the lungs. A short wait between the inhalers is usually advised.
答え
C · Use the salbutamol first, wait a few minutes, then use the steroid
12.薬理学
答え: B · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
これが答えになる理由
In cirrhosis, less of the oral dose is removed by the liver on its first pass, partly because blood bypasses the liver through shunts. Bioavailability and plasma levels rise, so doses of such drugs often need to be reduced.
答え
B · More drug reaches the circulation, so a lower dose may be needed
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · It partly stimulates and partly blocks nicotine receptors
これが答えになる理由
Varenicline is a partial agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It reduces cravings and withdrawal and makes smoking less rewarding. Nausea is common, and patients are asked to report mood changes.
答え
A · It partly stimulates and partly blocks nicotine receptors
Older people have brain atrophy that stretches the bridging veins, and anticoagulants increase bleeding. A slow venous bleed can cause gradual confusion, headache or weakness over weeks. A CT scan is needed.
答え: C · Stop it about 5 days before and check the INR
これが答えになる理由
Warfarin is usually stopped about 5 days before such surgery, and the INR is checked beforehand. Patients at high clotting risk may be given bridging therapy with a heparin, as planned by the team.
答え: A · Advise limiting caffeine to about 200 mg a day, roughly two cups of coffee
これが答えになる理由
Guidelines advise limiting caffeine to about 200 mg a day in pregnancy because higher intakes are linked to low birth weight and miscarriage. Energy drinks and some teas also contain caffeine.
答え
A · Advise limiting caffeine to about 200 mg a day, roughly two cups of coffee
21.小児看護
答え: C · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
これが答えになる理由
Cool running water for about 20 minutes, within the first hours, limits burn depth and pain. Ice can cause further tissue damage and hypothermia, butter or toothpaste trap heat and add infection risk, and blisters should be left intact.
答え
C · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
22.小児看護
答え: D · 500 g, about 5% of his body weight, mostly fluid
これが答えになる理由
10 kg − 9.5 kg = 0.5 kg; 0.5 ÷ 10 = 5%. Rapid weight loss during acute illness is mostly fluid, so it is a useful measure of the degree of dehydration, alongside clinical signs.
答え
D · 500 g, about 5% of his body weight, mostly fluid
答え: A · Report the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety
これが答えになる理由
Injuries that do not fit the child's developmental stage or the history, and bruises of different ages, are warning signs of abuse. The nurse documents objectively and reports through safeguarding procedures.
答え
A · Report the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 44 個、1500 ÷ 44 ≈ 34 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.76 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.88 秒、68 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.12 秒で幅広(0.12 秒以上)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。