How should the ear be positioned when taking a tympanic temperature in an adult?
AGently pull the outer ear down and back
BPush the outer ear forward against the cheek
CGently pull the outer ear up and back
DLeave the ear alone and insert the probe deeply
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Which sign is usually a late sign of hypoxia?
AA rising respiratory rate
BCyanosis
CA rising heart rate
DRestlessness
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Where should the dispersive (grounding) pad for electrosurgery be placed?
AOver a bony prominence such as the hip bone
BOn skin that is wet with antiseptic prep
COn clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
DOver an area with scar tissue or a tattoo, so that the pad does not slip
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient known to have hepatitis C. Which statement about management is correct?
AHepatitis C immune globulin is given within 24 hours, followed by a booster dose
BThere is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
CNo follow-up is needed because hepatitis C does not spread by needles
DThe hepatitis C vaccine series is started at once, with a booster dose six months later
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A drowsy patient has an arterial blood gas with pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 58 mmHg (7.7 kPa) and HCO₃⁻ 25 mEq/L (mmol/L). Which problem is the priority?
ALoss of bicarbonate from the bowel through severe diarrhea
BPoor ventilation causing carbon dioxide to build up
CToo much bicarbonate from antacids
DHyperventilation caused by anxiety
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has a chest drain for a pneumothorax. The nurse sees constant bubbling in the water-seal chamber. What does this most likely mean?
AAn air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
BThe lung has fully re-expanded, so the drain is ready to come out
CThe suction is set too low and needs to be turned up
DThe drain is working normally and no action is needed
7.臨床看護学ふつう
意識のない糖尿病患者の血糖が 2.1 mmol/L で、静脈路がありません。何を投与できますか?
A経口のブドウ糖タブレット
B経口の果物ジュース
Cインスリンの皮下注射
Dグルカゴンの筋肉注射
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
An arterial blood gas shows a low PaO2 with a low or normal PaCO2. How is this classified?
ANormal blood gas
BType 1 respiratory failure
CMetabolic acidosis
DType 2 respiratory failure
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient is scheduled for a liver biopsy. Which laboratory results should the nurse check before the procedure?
APlatelet count and PT/INR
BTSH and free T4
CHbA1c and lipid panel
DSerum sodium and chloride
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A health care worker's hepatitis B tests show: HBsAg negative, anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc positive. What does this mean?
ANot immune and never exposed to the virus
BImmunity from vaccination only, never infected
CPast infection that has resolved, with immunity
DCurrent chronic hepatitis B infection
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient is starting doxazosin, an alpha-1 blocker. What should the nurse advise about the first dose?
AExpect a short rise in blood pressure after the dose
BTake it in the morning with a cup of strong coffee to stay alert
CTake it at bedtime, because it can cause dizziness and fainting
DTake it only if the urine is darker than usual
12.薬理学むずかしい
A noradrenaline infusion is running through a peripheral cannula. The skin around the site becomes pale, cold and hard. What should the nurse do?
AApply heat and massage the area, then continue the infusion
BIncrease the rate to improve blood flow to the area
CStop the infusion at that site and follow the extravasation protocol
DLeave the infusion running and recheck in 4 hours
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
The telemetry monitor suddenly shows a chaotic waveform resembling ventricular fibrillation, but the patient is talking and brushing their teeth. What should the nurse do first?
AGive IV amiodarone as a bolus
BDeliver an immediate defibrillation shock before checking anything
CStart chest compressions straight away and call the arrest team
DCheck the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on a morphine PCA after surgery is very drowsy, with a respiratory rate of 7/min and pinpoint pupils. SpO₂ is 89%. What should the nurse do first?
ALeave the patient to sleep and recheck the observations in an hour
BStop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
CGive a sedative to keep the patient comfortable
DEncourage the patient to keep pressing the PCA button for comfort
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
For which patient with migraine would the nurse question an order for sumatriptan?
AA patient with a history of angina
BA patient with well-controlled hypothyroidism
CA patient who also has asthma
DA patient with an allergy to penicillin
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A nurse teaches a carer to give buccal midazolam for prolonged seizures. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will call an ambulance if the care plan tells me to."
B"I will write down the time the seizure started and the time I gave the dose."
C"I will give it into the space between his gum and cheek."
D"I will put something between his teeth so he does not bite his tongue."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which advice helps a person with diabetes prevent foot ulcers?
AUnstable temperature, poor feeding, lethargy and breathing difficulty
BHiccups after feeds with a strong, lusty cry between feeds
CRegular feeding with six wet nappies a day
DSmall white spots on the nose and a pink face
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child on chemotherapy for leukaemia was in close contact with a classmate who has chickenpox. What should the nurse do?
AReassure the family, as chickenpox is mild in all children
BTell the oncology team at once, as preventive treatment may be needed
CGive the live varicella vaccine to the child that same day to boost immunity
DWait to see whether a rash develops before acting
23.精神看護ふつう
When is the risk of suicide particularly high for patients after psychiatric inpatient care?
AIn the first weeks after discharge
BOnly after one year at home
CThere is no change in risk after discharge
DOnly while the patient is asleep in hospital
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man has odd beliefs about being able to read minds, dresses eccentrically and has few friends because others make him anxious. He has never had sustained hallucinations or delusions. Which diagnosis fits best?
ASchizophrenia
BHistrionic personality disorder with odd dress
CSchizotypal personality disorder
DAntisocial personality disorder
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 6 ft 1 in です。1 ft = 12 in と 1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をセンチメートルで、cm の整数に丸めて求めてください。
6 ft 1 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者が1勤務帯の間に 3 tsp / 咳止めシロップ, 1 fl oz / ジュース, ¼ カップ / お茶, ½ tbsp / 液体サプリメント を摂取しました。与えられた換算値を使って、経口摂取量の合計 V を mL で求めてください。
1 tsp = 5 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 90 kg で、1 回量として 5 mg/kg が指示されています。投与量 D を mg で求めなさい。
90 kg5 mg/kg
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 20 kg の子どもに、5 mL 中に 120 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 5 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
20 kg5 mg/kg120 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
500 mL を 6 時間で投与するよう指示されています。3 時間後、バッグにまだ 300 mL 残っていることがわかりましたが、予定どおりの時間に終える必要があります。 ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定し直す必要がありますか?
500 mL / 6 h経過時間 3 h: 300 mL
R = mL/h
30.点滴速度むずかしい
50 mg を 500 mL に含む輸液が 18 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 分あたり何マイクログラム D を受け取りますか?
50 mg/500 mL18 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには 250 mL 中にヘパリン 10 000 単位が含まれています。体重 55 kg の患者に 18 単位/kg/h の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
10 000 個/250 mL18 個/kg/h55 kg
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dobutamine 250 mg が 250 mL 中に含まれています。体重 96 kg の患者に 7.5 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
250 mg/250 mL7.5 mcg/kg/min96 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
Pulling the pinna up and back straightens the adult ear canal so the probe points at the eardrum. In young children the pinna is pulled down and back instead.
答え
C · Gently pull the outer ear up and back
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Cyanosis
これが答えになる理由
Early hypoxia causes restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia and tachypnoea as the body compensates. Cyanosis appears late, when a lot of haemoglobin is already deoxygenated, so nurses should not wait for it.
答え
B · Cyanosis
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
これが答えになる理由
The pad returns the current safely. Good contact over a well-perfused muscle prevents burns, while bony areas, scars, hair and moisture reduce contact and can cause burns at the pad site.
答え
C · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
これが答えになる理由
There is no vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis C. The exposure is reported, baseline tests are taken and follow-up testing identifies infection early, because effective treatment is available.
答え
B · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Poor ventilation causing carbon dioxide to build up
これが答えになる理由
A low pH with a high PaCO₂ and normal bicarbonate is respiratory acidosis. The patient is not breathing out enough carbon dioxide, so the priority is to support ventilation and escalate.
答え
B · Poor ventilation causing carbon dioxide to build up
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
これが答えになる理由
Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber signals an air leak. The nurse checks the connections from the patient to the drain and reports a leak that cannot be fixed.
答え
A · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
Type 1 respiratory failure is hypoxaemia without hypercapnia, as in pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. Type 2 includes a raised PaCO2 from inadequate ventilation, as in COPD exacerbations.
答え
B · Type 1 respiratory failure
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Platelet count and PT/INR
これが答えになる理由
Liver biopsy carries a risk of bleeding, and liver disease often lowers platelets and clotting factors. Platelets and PT/INR are checked beforehand, and abnormal results are reported so they can be corrected or the procedure postponed.
答え
A · Platelet count and PT/INR
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Past infection that has resolved, with immunity
これが答えになる理由
The vaccine contains only surface antigen, so vaccination produces anti-HBs alone. A positive anti-HBc shows past or current infection; with HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive, the infection has cleared and the person is immune.
答え
C · Past infection that has resolved, with immunity
11.薬理学
答え: C · Take it at bedtime, because it can cause dizziness and fainting
これが答えになる理由
Alpha-1 blockers dilate blood vessels and can cause marked orthostatic hypotension after the first dose. Taking it at bedtime and rising slowly reduces the risk of falls.
答え
C · Take it at bedtime, because it can cause dizziness and fainting
12.薬理学
答え: C · Stop the infusion at that site and follow the extravasation protocol
これが答えになる理由
Extravasation of a vasopressor can cause tissue necrosis. The infusion is stopped and moved to another site, and phentolamine, an alpha blocker, may be injected into the area to reverse vasoconstriction.
答え
C · Stop the infusion at that site and follow the extravasation protocol
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
これが答えになる理由
Movement, loose electrodes and muscle activity can create artefact that looks like VF. A conscious, talking patient cannot be in VF. The nurse assesses the patient and checks the leads and electrodes, then reattaches them if needed.
答え
D · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
これが答えになる理由
Sedation and slow breathing are warning signs of opioid toxicity. The nurse stops the opioid, stimulates the patient, opens the airway, gives oxygen, calls for help and gives naloxone per protocol. Naloxone is short-acting, so the patient is monitored for recurrence.
答え
B · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · A patient with a history of angina
これが答えになる理由
Triptans constrict blood vessels, including the coronary arteries. They are contraindicated in coronary artery disease, previous stroke and uncontrolled hypertension.
答え
A · A patient with a history of angina
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · "I will put something between his teeth so he does not bite his tongue."
これが答えになる理由
Nothing should ever be put between the teeth during a seizure. Buccal midazolam is given between the gum and cheek, so the mouth does not need to be forced open. Timing the seizure and following the emergency care plan are correct.
答え
D · "I will put something between his teeth so he does not bite his tongue."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Check the feet every day and never walk barefoot
これが答えになる理由
Peripheral neuropathy and poor circulation mean injuries can go unnoticed. Daily inspection, well-fitting footwear, checking water temperature and regular podiatry help prevent ulcers.
答え
A · Check the feet every day and never walk barefoot
Post-term babies often have dry, peeling skin, long nails, little vernix and lanugo and an alert look. They may also have meconium staining and are at risk of hypoglycaemia.
答え: A · Unstable temperature, poor feeding, lethargy and breathing difficulty
これが答えになる理由
Neonatal sepsis may present with temperature instability, poor feeding, lethargy, irritability, apnoea, breathing difficulty or jaundice. Early-onset sepsis, often due to group B streptococcus, needs prompt cultures and IV antibiotics.
答え
A · Unstable temperature, poor feeding, lethargy and breathing difficulty
22.小児看護
答え: B · Tell the oncology team at once, as preventive treatment may be needed
これが答えになる理由
In immunosuppressed children, chickenpox can cause severe pneumonia, hepatitis and encephalitis. After exposure, the team may give varicella-zoster immunoglobulin or antivirals. Live varicella vaccine is not given during chemotherapy.
答え
B · Tell the oncology team at once, as preventive treatment may be needed
23.精神看護
答え: A · In the first weeks after discharge
これが答えになる理由
The period shortly after discharge carries a high risk of suicide. Early follow-up, a safety plan and clear crisis contacts help bridge the transition.
答え
A · In the first weeks after discharge
24.精神看護
答え: C · Schizotypal personality disorder
これが答えになる理由
Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd beliefs, magical thinking, eccentric behaviour and social anxiety. It lies on the schizophrenia spectrum, but without the sustained psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.
答え
C · Schizotypal personality disorder
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 185 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
6·12 + 1 = 73 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 73·2.54 = 185.4 ≈ 185 cm
答え
h = 185 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 112.5 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
3 tsp = 3·5 = 15 mL
1 fl oz = 1·30 = 30 mL
¼ カップ = 0.25·240 = 60 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
足す
V = 15 + 30 + 60 + 7.5 = 112.5 mL
答え
V = 112.5 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 450 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
5·90 = 450 mg
答え
D = 450 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 4.2 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
5·20 = 100 mg
体積
V = (100/120)·5 = 4.167 ≈ 4.2 mL
答え
V = 4.2 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 100 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).