Which part of the stethoscope is best for hearing low-pitched sounds such as some heart murmurs?
AThe earpieces turned backwards
BThe bell, pressed firmly on the skin
CThe diaphragm, pressed firmly on the skin
DThe bell, placed lightly on the skin
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
The intact skin over a patient's heel is deep purple and feels boggy. What should be suspected?
AA category 1 pressure ulcer that will heal by itself
BA fungal skin infection
CA suspected deep tissue injury
DA normal bruise from a minor knock
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient with a respiratory infection has a raised procalcitonin level. What does this most suggest?
AA purely viral illness
BA bacterial rather than a viral infection
CAn allergic reaction to a recent medication
DDehydration from poor intake
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
In a mass-casualty incident with limited resources, why may a critically injured patient with little chance of survival receive care after others?
AThe most severely injured are never given comfort care
BPatients are treated in the order they arrive
CResources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
DCritical patients are always treated last in every situation, even outside disasters
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
患者が看護助手に、新しい薬の副作用について尋ねました。助手はどうすべきですか?
A薬をインターネットで調べて、書かれていることを読み上げる
B薬の患者向け説明書に載っている副作用を説明する
C看護師が答えにくると伝え、看護師に知らせる
D副作用はまれだと患者を安心させる
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
On an addiction unit, which patient should the nurse assess first?
ADrowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
BAnxious, with goose bumps, stomach cramps and loose stools
CAsking for an extra blanket and a hot drink
DYawning, with a runny nose and dilated pupils
7.臨床看護学ふつう
これから輸血を始めます。最も重要な安全確認は?
A患者の体重だけを確認すること
B患者の食事の好みを確認すること
Cすべての血液を電子レンジで温めること
Dベッドサイドで、患者の確実な本人確認を血液製剤と照合すること
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with severe sepsis starts bleeding from cannula sites and the gums, with a low platelet count and prolonged clotting times. What is most likely?
AHaemophilia A
BAn allergic reaction to the cannula
CVitamin C deficiency
DDisseminated intravascular coagulation
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient who is breathless during a transfusion has hypotension, fever and bilateral lung infiltrates, with no signs of fluid overload. Which complication is most likely?
AA mild febrile nonhemolytic reaction
BA simple allergic reaction with hives
CTransfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
DTransfusion-associated circulatory overload
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
Four patients had a thyroidectomy earlier today. Which result should the nurse act on first?
ASodium 136 mEq/L on IV fluids after surgery
BCalcium 7.2 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) with tingling lips
CHemoglobin 12.1 g/dL (121 g/L) after surgery
DGlucose 145 mg/dL (8.0 mmol/L) after surgery
11.薬理学ふつう
A prescriber gives a verbal medication order in an emergency. What should the nurse do?
AGive the drug without recording the order
BWrite it down and read it back to the prescriber to confirm
CRemember it and write it in the chart at the end of the shift
DAsk another nurse to remember the order
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on disulfiram becomes flushed, nauseated and has palpitations after using a mouthwash. What is the most likely cause?
AAn allergy to mint flavouring in the mouthwash
BAlcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
CDisulfiram toxicity from taking too many tablets by mistake
DLow blood glucose from skipping breakfast
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient stops ramipril because of a troublesome dry cough. Which drug class is a common alternative?
AA non-selective beta-blocker such as propranolol
BAn angiotensin II receptor blocker such as losartan
A patient has frothy urine and marked leg swelling. Serum albumin is 18 g/L (1.8 g/dL), and BP is normal. The urine shows heavy protein but little blood. What is most likely?
AA urethral stricture
BNephritic syndrome
CAcute pyelonephritis
DNephrotic syndrome
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which is a usual benefit of laparoscopic over open abdominal surgery?
A 5-year-old with leukaemia tells the nurse she is ill because she was naughty. What is the best response?
AAgree that being good may help her get better faster
BExplain the cell biology of leukaemia to her in detail
CReassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
DIgnore the remark, as she is too young to understand
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient who started lithium 2 weeks ago has a fine tremor of the hands and is passing more urine than usual. Her level is within the therapeutic range. How should the nurse interpret this?
AThese are definite signs of severe lithium toxicity, so emergency dialysis is needed straight away
BThese symptoms mean that the lithium is not working, so the dose should be stopped and a new drug chosen
CThese are common side effects that are not by themselves signs of toxicity, but they should be reported and monitored
DThese are signs of an allergic reaction, so she should never take lithium again
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient who was admitted after a serious suicide attempt says, "I'm angry they saved me. Next time I'll do it properly." What should the nurse do?
AChange the subject to something more positive, such as his family and his plans for after discharge
BReduce observation because he is talking openly about his feelings
CTell him that he should be grateful to be alive and think about how his family would feel
DMaintain close observation, report the statement and reassess the risk with the team
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある新生児の体重は 8 lb 11 oz です。1 lb = 16 oz と 1 kg = 2.2 lb を使って、体重 m をキログラムで求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
8 lb 11 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者が1勤務帯の間に 1½ カップ / お茶, ½ tbsp / 液体サプリメント, ½ fl oz / ジュース, 1 tsp / 咳止めシロップ を摂取しました。与えられた換算値を使って、経口摂取量の合計 V を mL で求めてください。
1 カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
バイアルに粉末 500 mg が入っています。ラベルには「注射用水 1.8 mL を加えると全量 2 mL になる」とあります。処方は 250 mg です。溶解した溶液を何 mL V 投与しますか?
500 mg+ 1.8 mL → 2 mL250 mg
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
点滴は 1000 mL 中に薬を 25000 単位含みます。指示は 1 時間あたり 1200 単位です。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか?
25000 個/1000 mL1200 個/h
R = mL/h
29.点滴速度ふつう
15 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1500 mL を 4 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
1500 mL4 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 15 滴/mL のセットで 28 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 300 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
28 gtt/min15 gtt/mL300 mL
t = h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 速効型インスリン 100 単位を 100 mL に溶かした輸液が 7.5 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 時間あたり何単位 D 受けていますか?
100 個/100 mL7.5 mL/h
D = 個/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 500 mg を 250 mL に溶かしたdobutamineの輸液が 26 mL/h で投与されています。患者の体重は 98 kg です。患者は何 mcg/kg/min の投与量 D を受けていますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
500 mg/250 mL26 mL/h98 kg
D = mcg/kg/min
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
The bell picks up low-pitched sounds and must be held lightly. The diaphragm, pressed firmly, is used for high-pitched sounds such as normal breath, bowel and heart sounds.
答え
D · The bell, placed lightly on the skin
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · A suspected deep tissue injury
これが答えになる理由
A purple or maroon area of intact skin, often firm or boggy, suggests deep tissue injury from pressure and shear. It can quickly become a deep open ulcer, so pressure must be removed at once.
答え
C · A suspected deep tissue injury
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
これが答えになる理由
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
答え
B · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
これが答えになる理由
In disasters, triage shifts from treating the sickest first to saving the most lives with available resources. Expectant patients still receive comfort care and are reassessed as resources change.
答え
C · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
答え: A · Drowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
これが答えになる理由
Pinpoint pupils, drowsiness and slow breathing suggest opioid overdose, which can be fatal. Yawning, a runny nose, dilated pupils and cramps are signs of opioid withdrawal, which is distressing but rarely life-threatening.
答え
A · Drowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
In DIC, widespread activation of clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors, causing both small clots and bleeding. Treating the underlying cause and replacing blood products as needed are key.
答え
D · Disseminated intravascular coagulation
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
これが答えになる理由
TRALI is acute lung injury within 6 hours of transfusion, caused by donor antibodies activating neutrophils in the lungs. It causes hypoxia, bilateral infiltrates and often hypotension and fever. TACO, in contrast, causes hypertension and signs of fluid overload.
答え
C · Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Calcium 7.2 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) with tingling lips
これが答えになる理由
Hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery, from parathyroid injury, can progress to tetany and laryngospasm. Tingling lips are an early sign, so the nurse assesses the airway and Chvostek and Trousseau signs and reports at once. The other results are expected after surgery.確認に用いた資料:Calcium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
B · Calcium 7.2 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) with tingling lips
11.薬理学
答え: B · Write it down and read it back to the prescriber to confirm
これが答えになる理由
Reading back the drug, dose, route and frequency confirms the order and catches errors. Verbal orders are documented immediately and signed by the prescriber according to policy.
答え
B · Write it down and read it back to the prescriber to confirm
12.薬理学
答え: B · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
これが答えになる理由
Disulfiram reactions can occur with small amounts of alcohol in mouthwash, cough syrups, sauces or aftershave. Patients are taught to check labels and avoid all alcohol-containing products.
答え
B · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · An angiotensin II receptor blocker such as losartan
これが答えになる理由
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ending in -sartan) block the effects of angiotensin II without inhibiting ACE, so bradykinin does not build up and cough is much less common. They share other effects, such as raising potassium, and ACE inhibitors and ARBs are not normally combined.
答え
B · An angiotensin II receptor blocker such as losartan
Heavy proteinuria, very low albumin and oedema point to nephrotic syndrome. Nephritic syndrome is mainly haematuria with hypertension and reduced urine output. The cause is investigated, often with a biopsy.
答え
D · Nephrotic syndrome
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Less pain and a shorter hospital stay
これが答えになる理由
Smaller incisions usually mean less pain, faster mobilisation, fewer wound complications and shorter stays. There are still risks, including injury to organs and shoulder-tip pain from the gas.
答え: C · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
これが答えになる理由
Preoperational children use magical thinking and may believe illness is a punishment for bad behaviour or thoughts. Clear, repeated reassurance in simple language reduces guilt and fear.
答え
C · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
23.精神看護
答え: C · These are common side effects that are not by themselves signs of toxicity, but they should be reported and monitored
これが答えになる理由
Fine tremor, thirst, polyuria and mild nausea are common early effects of lithium. A coarse tremor, vomiting, diarrhoea, confusion or unsteadiness suggest toxicity.
答え
C · These are common side effects that are not by themselves signs of toxicity, but they should be reported and monitored
24.精神看護
答え: D · Maintain close observation, report the statement and reassess the risk with the team
これが答えになる理由
Anger at surviving and stated future intent show high, ongoing risk. Close observation continues, the team reassesses the risk, and the nurse explores his feelings without judging him.
答え
D · Maintain close observation, report the statement and reassess the risk with the team
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 3.95 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
11 oz/16 = 0.6875 lb
8 + 0.6875 = 8.688 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 8.688/2.2 = 3.949 ≈ 3.95 kg
答え
m = 3.95 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 387.5 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
1½ カップ = 1.5·240 = 360 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
½ fl oz = 0.5·30 = 15 mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
足す
V = 360 + 7.5 + 15 + 5 = 387.5 mL
答え
V = 387.5 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 1 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
500 mg/2 mL = 250 mg/mL
体積
V = 250/250 = 1 mL
答え
V = 1 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 48 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
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