A nursing student has a positive interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for tuberculosis, no symptoms and a normal chest X-ray. What does this most likely mean?
ALatent TB infection, which is not contagious
BA false result, as the test does not detect TB
CPast BCG vaccination only, with no infection
DActive pulmonary TB, which is contagious
11.薬理学ふつう
How can the absorption of oral iron be improved?
ATake it with a cup of strong tea
BTake it with vitamin C, such as orange juice, on an empty stomach
CTake it at the same time as an antacid to protect the stomach
DTake it with a glass of milk
12.薬理学むずかしい
A postoperative patient using morphine PCA is very drowsy, hard to rouse and has a respiratory rate of 7 per minute. What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage the patient to press the button only when awake and in pain
BStop the PCA, try to rouse the patient and give naloxone as per protocol
CReduce the PCA dose and leave the pump running
DLet the patient sleep and recheck in one hour
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
高血圧の患者がアムロジピンを服用しています。看護師が最も観察しやすい副作用はどれですか?
A喘鳴
B足首の腫れ
C高カリウム血症
D乾いた、むずむずする咳
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A nurse phones the doctor about a patient with pneumonia whose observations are worsening. Using SBAR, which statement is the clearest "recommendation"?
A"His heart rate is 124/min, his BP is 88/50 mmHg and he is confused."
B"I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
C"He is 72 and was admitted yesterday with community-acquired pneumonia."
D"I am calling about the patient in bed 6."
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which long-term risk should a kidney transplant recipient be taught to reduce with sun protection?
Dysphagia that started with solids and now includes liquids, with weight loss, most suggests which cause?
ASimple anxiety about swallowing tablets
BA dry mouth from drinking too little water
CNormal ageing of the swallowing muscles
DA narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient taking oral capecitabine reports red, painful, peeling palms and soles. What should the nurse do?
AReport it; this is hand-foot syndrome and treatment may need changing
BAdvise hot soaks for the hands and feet
CTell the patient to take a double dose next time
DReassure that it is a sign of an unrelated allergy to washing powder
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
On day 1 after birth, a woman's white cell count is mildly raised and she has no symptoms. How should this be interpreted?
AIt proves she has an infection
BIt shows she is dehydrated
CIt means she has leukaemia
DIt can be normal soon after birth
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A baby was born through thick meconium-stained fluid. At birth the baby is crying, has good tone and a heart rate above 100/min. What is the appropriate care?
ADeep suctioning of the stomach before the first breath
BRoutine care with the mother, with observation
CSeparation from the mother for 24 hours
DImmediate tracheal intubation and suction
21.小児看護ふつう
How is amblyopia (lazy eye) commonly treated in young children?
APatching the weaker eye so that it can rest and recover
BWaiting until adulthood, when surgery can correct it
CPatching or blurring the stronger eye so the weaker eye works harder
DEye exercises alone, without any glasses, drops or patches
答え: C · From the inner corner outwards, using a clean part of the cloth for each eye
これが答えになる理由
Wiping from the inner to the outer canthus moves debris away from the tear duct. Using a clean part of the cloth for each eye prevents spreading infection between them.
答え
C · From the inner corner outwards, using a clean part of the cloth for each eye
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Fever increases unmeasured fluid loss through sweating and breathing
これが答えになる理由
Insensible losses through the skin and lungs are not measured and rise with fever and fast breathing. A balanced chart can therefore hide a real fluid deficit.
答え
A · Fever increases unmeasured fluid loss through sweating and breathing
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Use the oral syringe or dosing cup that comes with the medicine
これが答えになる理由
Household spoons vary widely in size and cause dosing errors. A marked oral syringe or dosing device in mL gives an accurate dose.
答え
D · Use the oral syringe or dosing cup that comes with the medicine
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Release the restraint at once and reposition the patient
これが答えになる理由
Patients have died from strangulation when vest restraints moved up to the neck. The nurse frees the patient immediately, checks breathing and repositions them, then reassesses whether the restraint is needed at all.
答え
A · Release the restraint at once and reposition the patient
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · “Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
これが答えになる理由
Daily weights are measured at the same time, on the same scale and in similar clothing so that changes show real fluid gain. A quick rise in weight can be an early sign of worsening heart failure.
答え
A · “Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
答え: B · To reduce the risk of aspirating stomach contents
これが答えになる理由
Under general anaesthesia the airway reflexes are lost, so food or fluid in the stomach could be regurgitated and inhaled. Fasting reduces the risk of aspiration pneumonitis.
答え
B · To reduce the risk of aspirating stomach contents
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
これが答えになる理由
PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil enhance the vasodilating effect of nitrates, which can cause profound hypotension. Patients should always be asked about these drugs before nitrates are given.
答え
D · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
答え: A · Latent TB infection, which is not contagious
これが答えになる理由
A positive IGRA with no symptoms and a normal chest X-ray indicates latent TB infection, which cannot spread to others. Treatment of latent TB is often offered to prevent later active disease. The IGRA is much less likely than the skin test to give a false-positive result after BCG vaccination.確認に用いた資料:Tuberculosis Screening · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); PPD skin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Latent TB infection, which is not contagious
11.薬理学
答え: B · Take it with vitamin C, such as orange juice, on an empty stomach
これが答えになる理由
Vitamin C keeps iron in its more absorbable ferrous form. Milk, antacids, tea and some antibiotics reduce iron absorption. If the stomach becomes upset, it may be taken with food, accepting lower absorption.
答え
B · Take it with vitamin C, such as orange juice, on an empty stomach
12.薬理学
答え: B · Stop the PCA, try to rouse the patient and give naloxone as per protocol
これが答えになる理由
Excessive sedation and a low respiratory rate signal opioid-induced respiratory depression. The opioid is stopped, the patient is stimulated and supported with oxygen, naloxone is given as per protocol and help is called.
答え
B · Stop the PCA, try to rouse the patient and give naloxone as per protocol
答え: B · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
これが答えになる理由
In SBAR, the recommendation states clearly what the nurse needs and how quickly, such as a review within a set time. The other statements belong to situation, background and assessment. Structured communication reduces delays in escalation.
答え
B · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Skin cancer
これが答えになる理由
Transplant recipients have a much higher risk of skin cancers, especially squamous cell carcinoma, because of immunosuppression. Sun protection and regular skin checks are important.
Progressive dysphagia, solids first then liquids, with weight loss, is typical of a mechanical obstruction such as oesophageal cancer or a stricture. It needs an urgent referral for endoscopy.
答え
D · A narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Report it; this is hand-foot syndrome and treatment may need changing
これが答えになる理由
Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia (hand-foot syndrome) is common with capecitabine and fluorouracil. It is graded and may need a treatment break or dose reduction; emollients and avoiding heat and friction help.
答え
A · Report it; this is hand-foot syndrome and treatment may need changing
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · It can be normal soon after birth
これが答えになる理由
Leucocytosis is common in labour and the early postnatal period. It must be interpreted with clinical signs such as fever, pain and lochia changes rather than on its own.
答え
D · It can be normal soon after birth
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Routine care with the mother, with observation
これが答えになる理由
Vigorous babies born through meconium receive routine care and are observed for breathing difficulty. Routine tracheal suctioning is not recommended, even for non-vigorous babies, where effective ventilation comes first.
答え
B · Routine care with the mother, with observation
21.小児看護
答え: C · Patching or blurring the stronger eye so the weaker eye works harder
これが答えになる理由
Treatment includes glasses if needed and patching or atropine drops in the stronger eye, forcing the brain to use the weaker eye. It works best when started early, while the visual system is still developing.
答え
C · Patching or blurring the stronger eye so the weaker eye works harder
答え: A · In grief, painful feelings come in waves and self-esteem is usually kept
これが答えになる理由
In grief, sadness tends to come in waves linked to reminders of the loss, and positive memories and humour are possible. Pervasive worthlessness, self-loathing and hopelessness suggest depression.
答え
A · In grief, painful feelings come in waves and self-esteem is usually kept
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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