How does pursed-lip breathing help a patient with COPD?
AIt makes the patient breathe faster to take in more air
BIt replaces the need for inhaled medicines
CIt keeps the airways open longer and slows the breathing
DIt increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
An AED is about to deliver a shock. What must the rescuer do?
ARemove the pads and place them again
BHold the patient's hand to reassure them
CKeep doing chest compressions during the shock
DMake sure no one is touching the patient
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
密封小線源の放射性インプラントを入れた患者の担当にしてはいけない看護師は誰ですか?
A放射線安全の研修を受けた看護師
Bその病棟で2年間働いている看護師
C妊娠中の看護師
D線量計バッジを着けている看護師
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Which action by assistive personnel requires the nurse to step in?
AWashing hands with soap and water after leaving a C. difficile room
BPutting soiled linen straight into a laundry bag at the bedside
CRemoving gloves and then cleaning the hands with alcohol rub
DGoing from one patient’s bed to the next while wearing the same gloves
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient had a colostomy formed yesterday. Which stoma appearance should be reported straight away?
AMoist and pink-red
BDark purple or black
CA little bleeding when cleaned
DSlightly swollen
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
LPN/LVN への割り当てとして最も適切なものはどれですか?
A新たに心房細動となり、ジルチアゼムの静脈内持続投与を開始したばかりの患者
B新たにワルファリンを開始し、退院指導が必要な患者
C1 時間前に集中治療室から転入した患者
D定時の吸入気管支拡張薬と経口薬が必要な、安定した COPD の患者
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which adverse effects should be monitored for in a patient receiving IV gentamicin?
AHyperglycaemia and tremor
BKidney damage and hearing loss
CConstipation and urinary retention
DHair loss and weight gain
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why should chronic hypernatraemia be corrected gradually?
ALowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
BFast correction causes severe hyperkalaemia
CFast correction causes osmotic demyelination from swelling of the kidneys
DSlow correction is only needed in children
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Apart from the lithium level, which tests are monitored regularly in long-term lithium therapy?
AINR and the platelet count
BTroponin and creatine kinase (CK)
CLiver enzymes and serum amylase
DKidney function and thyroid function
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has a continuous heparin infusion for a pulmonary embolism. A new nurse plans to adjust the infusion using today's INR of 1.1. What should the experienced nurse explain?
AThe INR is the correct test, and 1.1 means heparin is therapeutic
BThe INR of 1.1 means the heparin rate must be doubled at once
CHeparin needs no laboratory monitoring once the infusion is started
DHeparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
11.薬理学ふつう
ACE 阻害薬はどのように血圧を下げますか?
A腎臓でのナトリウム再吸収を増やす
B血管平滑筋細胞の L 型カルシウムチャネルを遮断する
Cアンジオテンシン I からアンジオテンシン II への変換を阻害する
D心臓の β1 受容体を遮断する
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with asthma starts timolol eye drops for glaucoma and soon becomes wheezy. What is the most likely explanation?
ATimolol is absorbed and blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways
BTimolol activates histamine receptors in the lungs
CThe eye drops contain an allergen that causes hay fever and asthma
DThe wheeze is unrelated to the eye drops
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
単純なフェイスマスクで、酸素流量を約5 L/分より低くしてはいけないのはなぜですか?
A低流量では酸素を加湿できないから
B呼気中のCO₂がマスク内にたまり、再呼吸されるから
C低流量では伸縮性のストラップがゆるくなりすぎるから
D低流量ではマスクが酸素を送りすぎるから
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with lung cancer develops swelling of the face and arms, distended neck and chest veins and breathlessness that is worse when bending forward. What is the most likely cause?
ASuperior vena cava obstruction
BRight-sided heart failure
CAn allergic reaction to chemotherapy
DA deep vein thrombosis in the leg
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
The day after a thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. Why might this happen?
AThe patient is breathing too slowly after the operation
BThe parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
CThe thyroid hormone level has risen too high after surgery
DThe anaesthetic has caused an allergic reaction
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
中枢性尿崩症の患者がデスモプレシンを開始しました。看護師が監視すべき合併症はどれですか?
A重度の下痢
B高血糖
C高カリウム血症
D低ナトリウム血症
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
手術後、創離開が最も起こりやすいのはどの時期ですか?
A手術中だけ
B手術の約5~10日後
C最初の1時間以内
D手術の1年以上後
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
看護師が、細胞毒性薬を少量、床にこぼしてしまいました。正しい対応はどれですか?
A蒸発するのに任せ、数分間人を近づけない
BPPEを着けてスピルキットを使い、清掃し、細胞毒性廃棄物として袋に入れ、報告する
C病棟のモップで拭き取り、汚物処理室でモップをすすぐ
Dペーパータオルで拭き取り、一般ごみ箱に入れる
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
破水後、羊水が緑色です。何を示唆しますか?
A母親が B 群溶血性レンサ球菌に感染している
B胎盤からの出血がある
C正期産では正常な羊水である
D胎児が胎便を排出した
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A nurse is teaching a mother how to prevent shaken baby syndrome. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"If I get too frustrated, I will put him in his cot and step away for a few minutes."
B"I can call someone to help when I feel overwhelmed."
C"If I feel very angry, it is fine to shake him a little to stop the crying."
D"Crying often increases in the first weeks, and that can be normal."
21.小児看護ふつう
Which diet is usually advised for a child with nephrotic syndrome while there is oedema?
ANo added salt
BA carbohydrate-free diet to reduce fluid retention
CA high-salt diet to replace losses in the urine
DA protein-free diet to rest the kidneys completely
22.小児看護むずかしい
The nurse has taught the parents of a child with type 1 diabetes. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"We'll check her glucose before driving to her swimming lesson."
B"We'll give the school a copy of her hypo plan and glucagon."
C"For a low, I'll give her a chocolate bar, because it's the fastest sugar."
D"We'll recheck her glucose about 15 minutes after treating a low."
23.精神看護ふつう
What does the Mini-Cog screening test for cognitive impairment involve?
答え: C · It keeps the airways open longer and slows the breathing
これが答えになる理由
Breathing out slowly through pursed lips creates back-pressure that keeps small airways open, helping to empty trapped air and reducing breathlessness.
答え
C · It keeps the airways open longer and slows the breathing
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Make sure no one is touching the patient
これが答えになる理由
Before the shock the rescuer shouts a warning and checks that everyone is clear. Compressions restart straight after the shock as the AED instructs.
答え: D · Going from one patient’s bed to the next while wearing the same gloves
これが答えになる理由
Gloves must be changed and hand hygiene done between patients, because contaminated gloves spread organisms directly. The other actions are correct infection-control practice.
答え
D · Going from one patient’s bed to the next while wearing the same gloves
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Dark purple or black
これが答えになる理由
A healthy stoma is moist and pink to red, and early swelling or slight bleeding is common. A dark purple or black stoma suggests poor blood supply (ischemia) and needs urgent review.
Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Blood levels and renal function are monitored, and any tinnitus, dizziness or hearing change is reported.
答え
B · Kidney damage and hearing loss
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Lowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
これが答えになる理由
In chronic hypernatraemia, brain cells adapt by holding extra solutes. If sodium falls too quickly, water moves into brain cells and causes cerebral oedema, so correction is controlled.
答え
A · Lowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Kidney function and thyroid function
これが答えになる理由
Long-term lithium can cause hypothyroidism and impair kidney function, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Creatinine/eGFR and TSH are therefore checked regularly, together with sodium and the lithium level.確認に用いた資料:Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · Kidney function and thyroid function
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
これが答えになる理由
Unfractionated heparin infusions are adjusted using the aPTT or anti-factor Xa level according to protocol. The INR monitors warfarin and is little affected by heparin at usual doses. Using the wrong test can cause under- or over-anticoagulation.確認に用いた資料:Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
11.薬理学
答え: C · アンジオテンシン I からアンジオテンシン II への変換を阻害する
これが答えになる理由
ACE 阻害薬(ラミプリルなど)はアンジオテンシン II を減らし、血管が広がりアルドステロンが減ります。ブラジキニンの分解も減らすため、空咳が起こります。
答え
C · アンジオテンシン I からアンジオテンシン II への変換を阻害する
12.薬理学
答え: A · Timolol is absorbed and blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways
これが答えになる理由
Ophthalmic timolol is a non-selective beta blocker and can reach the circulation in amounts that cause bronchospasm or bradycardia. It is generally avoided in asthma.
答え
A · Timolol is absorbed and blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways
A tumour in the mediastinum can compress the superior vena cava, causing swelling of the face, neck and arms, dilated veins on the chest and breathlessness. It is an oncological emergency. The patient is sat upright and given oxygen if hypoxic, and treatment may include a stent, steroids or radiotherapy.
答え
A · Superior vena cava obstruction
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
これが答えになる理由
The parathyroid glands lie behind the thyroid and can be damaged or removed during surgery. Low PTH leads to hypocalcaemia, causing tingling, cramps and, if severe, tetany or arrhythmias. Calcium is checked after surgery.
答え
B · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
答え: C · "If I feel very angry, it is fine to shake him a little to stop the crying."
これが答えになる理由
Shaking a baby can cause brain injury, retinal haemorrhages and death. Parents are taught that crying is normal, to put the baby down safely and step away when frustrated, and to ask for help.
答え
C · "If I feel very angry, it is fine to shake him a little to stop the crying."
21.小児看護
答え: A · No added salt
これが答えになる理由
During the oedematous phase, salt is limited to reduce fluid retention, and fluids may be restricted if advised. Protein is not stopped; a normal, balanced intake for age is usually recommended.
答え
A · No added salt
22.小児看護
答え: C · "For a low, I'll give her a chocolate bar, because it's the fastest sugar."
これが答えになる理由
Hypoglycaemia is treated with fast-acting carbohydrate such as glucose tablets or a sugary drink. Chocolate contains fat, which slows absorption, so it is not a good first treatment. The other statements are correct.
答え
C · "For a low, I'll give her a chocolate bar, because it's the fastest sugar."
23.精神看護
答え: A · Recall of three words and a clock-drawing task
これが答えになる理由
The Mini-Cog combines a three-word recall with drawing a clock face. It is a quick screen; an abnormal result needs a fuller assessment.
答え
A · Recall of three words and a clock-drawing task
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
2000 mg/8 mL = 250 mg/mL
体積
V = 100/250 = 0.4 mL
答え
V = 0.4 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: W = 196 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
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