Which patient is most typical of a primary spontaneous pneumothorax?
AA tall, thin young man who smokes
BAn older woman with long-standing heart failure
CA child with a viral sore throat
DA middle-aged woman with high blood pressure
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A nurse phones the doctor about a patient with pneumonia whose observations are worsening. Using SBAR, which statement is the clearest "recommendation"?
A"His heart rate is 124/min, his BP is 88/50 mmHg and he is confused."
B"He is 72 and was admitted yesterday with community-acquired pneumonia."
C"I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
On day 5 after bowel resection, a patient has a fever, tachycardia and worsening abdominal pain, and the drain contains brown, faeculent fluid. What is most likely?
AAn anastomotic leak
BA urinary tract infection
CA normal day 5 recovery
DPostoperative constipation
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman with hyperemesis gravidarum has been vomiting for weeks. Which vitamin is given before glucose-containing fluids to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy?
答え: A · Not use the tube and follow policy, which may mean a chest X-ray
これが答えになる理由
A low pH supports gastric placement (1–5.5 in UK guidance; 5 or below is typical in US guidance). A pH of 7 does not rule out the lungs, so nothing is put down the tube until position is confirmed, usually by X-ray. The "whoosh" air test is unreliable.
答え
A · Not use the tube and follow policy, which may mean a chest X-ray
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · その患者専用の聴診器と血圧計のカフを使う
これが答えになる理由
聴診器やカフなどの非クリティカル器材は、その患者専用とするか、別の患者に使う前に清掃・消毒します。
答え
B · その患者専用の聴診器と血圧計のカフを使う
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Close the doors to patient rooms, stay on the unit and wait for instructions
これが答えになる理由
Closing doors limits the spread of smoke and fire. Staff follow the fire plan, keep corridors clear and prepare for evacuation, but do not evacuate until directed or the fire is in their area.
答え
A · Close the doors to patient rooms, stay on the unit and wait for instructions
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
これが答えになる理由
Effective handover covers the current status, changes, risks and outstanding tasks, often using a structure such as SBAR. Opinions and unrelated details distract from what matters.
答え
B · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Tell the charge nurse about the gap, accept tasks within competence and ask for support
これが答えになる理由
A nurse should clearly state the limits of their competence and ask for an assignment or support that keeps patients safe. Leaving without handover would be patient abandonment.
答え
C · Tell the charge nurse about the gap, accept tasks within competence and ask for support
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness
これが答えになる理由
Early postoperative assessment checks the airway, breathing, oxygen saturation, circulation, consciousness, pain, wound and drains. This detects anaesthetic and surgical complications early.
答え
D · Airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · "I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
これが答えになる理由
Hypertension usually needs long-term treatment; stopping because readings are normal often makes blood pressure rise again. Patients should discuss any changes with their prescriber.
答え
D · "I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Heart failure is an unlikely cause of the breathlessness
これが答えになる理由
BNP is released from stretched ventricles, so a low value makes heart failure an unlikely cause of acute breathlessness. A high value supports heart failure, but BNP also rises with age, kidney disease and pulmonary embolism.確認に用いた資料:Natriuretic Peptide Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答え
D · Heart failure is an unlikely cause of the breathlessness
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · "I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
これが答えになる理由
Clozapine requires ongoing ANC monitoring according to the schedule, because severe neutropenia can occur without warning. The patient must keep blood test appointments and report signs of infection at once.
答え
B · "I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
11.薬理学
答え: A · Check cold and flu remedies, as many also contain paracetamol
これが答えになる理由
Many combination products contain paracetamol, so a patient can take too much without realising. Regular alcohol use and liver disease also increase the risk of liver damage.
答え
A · Check cold and flu remedies, as many also contain paracetamol
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax usually occurs in tall, thin young men, often smokers, when small apical blebs rupture. Secondary pneumothorax occurs in people with lung disease such as COPD and tends to be more serious.
答え
A · A tall, thin young man who smokes
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
これが答えになる理由
In SBAR, the recommendation states clearly what the nurse needs and how quickly, such as a review within a set time. The other statements belong to situation, background and assessment. Structured communication reduces delays in escalation.
答え
C · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
Leakage at the join in the bowel causes peritonitis and sepsis, usually a few days after surgery. Faeculent drain fluid makes it very likely. It needs urgent surgical review, sepsis care and often return to theatre.
答え
A · An anastomotic leak
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
これが答えになる理由
Prolonged vomiting depletes thiamine. Giving glucose without thiamine can trigger Wernicke encephalopathy, with confusion, ataxia and eye movement problems.
答え
D · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · 見える出血がわずかでも、潜在性の(外出血のない)早期剥離で大量に失血している可能性がある
答え: C · Semi-upright, with the head and chest raised
これが答えになる理由
A semi-upright position lowers the pressure of abdominal organs on the diaphragm and eases breathing. Raising the legs would increase venous return and may worsen pulmonary congestion.
答え
C · Semi-upright, with the head and chest raised
23.精神看護
答え: C · 「私にはその声は聞こえませんが、あなたがつらい思いをしているのはわかります。声はあなたに何と言っているのですか?」
C · 「私にはその声は聞こえませんが、あなたがつらい思いをしているのはわかります。声はあなたに何と言っているのですか?」
24.精神看護
答え: D · Assess the patient, including his vital signs and level of sedation
これが答えになる理由
After a medicine error, the first step is to assess and monitor the patient for any effects. The nurse then informs the prescriber and the nurse in charge, follows instructions, documents and reports the incident.
答え
D · Assess the patient, including his vital signs and level of sedation
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
30·60/60 = 30 mL/h
体積
V = 30·12 = 360 mL
答え
V = 360 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: D = 200 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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