1000 mL of IV fluid is to be given over 8 hours with a pump. What rate should be set?
A80 mL/h
B250 mL/h
C125 mL/h
D100 mL/h
12.薬理学むずかしい
How does aripiprazole differ from most other antipsychotics?
AIt is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
BIt works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin only
CIt is a full dopamine agonist that increases dopamine activity
DIt has no effect on dopamine and acts only on histamine
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why is a beta-blocker started at a low dose and increased slowly in heart failure?
AIt can briefly worsen symptoms before long-term benefit appears
BIt must be stopped as soon as symptoms improve
CIt is safe only at the highest possible dose from the very start
DIt works only if the dose is never changed after the first day
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Three days after an MI, a patient faints on the commode while straining hard to open the bowels. The heart rate was 42/min at the time. What is the most likely mechanism?
AA new pulmonary embolism
BAn allergic reaction to the commode
CA vagal response to straining
DLow blood glucose from fasting
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why might a patient taking a beta-blocker not notice a hypoglycaemic episode?
ABeta-blockers raise blood glucose, so hypos cannot happen
BBeta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
CBeta-blockers make the patient sleep through every hypo
DBeta-blockers block the effect of all diabetes medicines
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient taking an SGLT2 inhibitor is booked for major surgery. Which statement is correct?
AIt is usually paused in the days before surgery
BSurgery is not possible in patients taking this drug
CThe dose is usually doubled on the morning of surgery
DThe drug must be taken right up until the operation starts
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Dysphagia that started with solids and now includes liquids, with weight loss, most suggests which cause?
AA dry mouth from drinking too little water
BNormal ageing of the swallowing muscles
CA narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
DSimple anxiety about swallowing tablets
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with a severe flare of ulcerative colitis develops abdominal distension, fever and tachycardia, and the stool frequency has dropped. What should the nurse suspect?
AToxic megacolon
BSimple constipation from low intake
CHaemorrhoids caused by diarrhoea
DThe flare is getting better
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman at 24 weeks says she craves eating ice and clay. What should the nurse assess for?
APre-eclampsia with severe features
BThyroid overactivity
CIron deficiency anaemia
DGestational diabetes
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A newborn's left foot is turned inward and downward and cannot be moved to a normal position. What should the nurse tell the parents?
ASurgery is needed within the first day
BIt suggests clubfoot, treated early with casting
CIt is caused by a lack of vitamin D
DIt is normal positioning in the uterus and needs no follow-up
答え: A · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
これが答えになる理由
Splinting the incision with a pillow or folded towel supports the wound and reduces pain, so the patient can cough effectively and clear secretions.
答え
A · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Neuropathic pain
これが答えになる理由
Neuropathic pain comes from damage to nerves, for example in diabetes, and is often burning, shooting or tingling. It may respond poorly to standard analgesics and need specific drugs.
答え: D · “Now that my spleen is out, a fever is nothing to worry about.”
これが答えになる理由
People without a spleen are at risk of overwhelming infection, especially from encapsulated bacteria. Fever needs prompt medical assessment, and vaccines are kept up to date.
答え
D · “Now that my spleen is out, a fever is nothing to worry about.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Do not measure blood pressure on the left arm
これが答えになる理由
Blood pressure cuffs, tight bands and heavy loads can damage or block a fistula. The arm with the access is protected, and the nurse checks it for a thrill and bruit.
答え
A · Do not measure blood pressure on the left arm
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Spironolactone
これが答えになる理由
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and can raise potassium further. Furosemide and thiazides tend to lower potassium, and omeprazole does not usually affect it.
答え
D · Spironolactone
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · To reduce the risk of oral thrush
これが答えになる理由
Inhaled steroid deposited in the mouth and throat can cause oral candidiasis and a hoarse voice. Rinsing and using a spacer reduce this.
答え
C · To reduce the risk of oral thrush
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · The forehead can still be wrinkled on the affected side
これが答えになる理由
In a stroke (upper motor neurone lesion), the forehead is usually spared because it has bilateral cortical supply. Bell's palsy (lower motor neurone) weakens the whole side, including the forehead.
答え
A · The forehead can still be wrinkled on the affected side
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
これが答えになる理由
Cleaning the urethral area and discarding the first part of the stream reduce contamination from skin and urethral bacteria. The inside of the sterile container must not be touched, and the sample should reach the laboratory promptly.確認に用いた資料:Clean catch urine sample · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
A · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
1000 mL ÷ 8 h = 125 mL/h. Infusion pumps are set in mL per hour.
答え
C · 125 mL/h
12.薬理学
答え: A · It is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
これが答えになる理由
Aripiprazole is a D2 partial agonist, reducing dopamine activity where it is high and providing some where it is low. It causes less weight gain and prolactin rise than many antipsychotics, but akathisia is common.
答え
A · It is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · It can briefly worsen symptoms before long-term benefit appears
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers improve survival in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, but they can cause tiredness, low blood pressure, bradycardia and fluid retention when first started. They are therefore started low and increased gradually in stable patients, with monitoring of weight, pulse and BP.
答え
A · It can briefly worsen symptoms before long-term benefit appears
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · A vagal response to straining
これが答えになる理由
Straining (the Valsalva manoeuvre) can cause a vagal bradycardia and a fall in cardiac output, leading to syncope. After an MI, stool softeners, adequate fluids and avoiding straining are advised. The event is still reported and the patient assessed for arrhythmia or ischaemia.
答え
C · A vagal response to straining
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers blunt adrenergic warning symptoms such as palpitations and tremor. Sweating is often preserved. Patients should check their glucose when they feel unwell, rather than relying on symptoms alone.
答え
B · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · It is usually paused in the days before surgery
これが答えになる理由
Fasting, surgery and dehydration increase the risk of euglycaemic DKA with SGLT2 inhibitors. Guidance usually advises stopping them in the days before major surgery and restarting when the patient is eating and drinking normally.
答え
A · It is usually paused in the days before surgery
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · A narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
これが答えになる理由
Progressive dysphagia, solids first then liquids, with weight loss, is typical of a mechanical obstruction such as oesophageal cancer or a stricture. It needs an urgent referral for endoscopy.
答え
C · A narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Toxic megacolon
これが答えになる理由
Toxic megacolon is dilatation of the inflamed colon with systemic toxicity and a high risk of perforation. Antimotility drugs and opioids are avoided, an abdominal X-ray is done and the surgical team is involved.
答え
A · Toxic megacolon
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Iron deficiency anaemia
これが答えになる理由
Pica, the craving for non-food substances, is associated with iron deficiency. Eating clay or soil can also expose the mother to toxins and parasites. Haemoglobin and ferritin should be checked.
答え
C · Iron deficiency anaemia
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · It suggests clubfoot, treated early with casting
これが答えになる理由
A fixed foot that cannot be brought to neutral suggests congenital talipes equinovarus. Gentle casting and bracing (the Ponseti method) usually start in the first weeks. A positional foot that corrects easily is common and benign.
答え
B · It suggests clubfoot, treated early with casting
答え: D · On the side or semi-prone, so secretions can drain from the mouth
これが答えになる理由
Until fully awake, the child lies on the side or semi-prone so that blood and secretions drain from the mouth rather than being swallowed or inhaled. Once awake, a more upright position is comfortable.
答え
D · On the side or semi-prone, so secretions can drain from the mouth
答え: B · Store it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
これが答えになる理由
Stimulants can be diverted and misused for studying or recreation. They are controlled drugs, so secure storage, monitoring the number of tablets and not sharing them are important.
答え
B · Store it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 4.72 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
6 oz/16 = 0.375 lb
10 + 0.375 = 10.38 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 10.38/2.2 = 4.716 ≈ 4.72 kg
答え
m = 4.72 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 767.5 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
1 fl oz = 1·30 = 30 mL
3 カップ = 3·240 = 720 mL
1 tbsp = 1·15 = 15 mL
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
足す
V = 30 + 720 + 15 + 2.5 = 767.5 mL
答え
V = 767.5 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 53 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
投与量
D = 50·1.06 = 53 mg
答え
D = 53 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 10 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
50000/1000 = 50 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 500/50 = 10 mL/h
答え
R = 10 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 276.7 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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