How should a patient collect a midstream urine sample?
APass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
BCollect urine from the toilet bowl after passing it
CCollect the very first part of the stream in the pot, then pass the rest into the toilet
DCollect the last few drops after the bladder is empty
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient with delirium tries to leave the ward at night, saying they are going home, and would be at serious risk outside. What is correct (England and Wales)?
ALock them in a side room until the morning for their own safety
BLet them leave, as all adults are free to go wherever they like
CGive a sedative without asking anyone
DAssess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A new antibiotic is prescribed for a patient. What should the nurse check before giving the first dose?
AThe patient’s preferred pharmacy
BOnly the patient’s blood pressure and pulse before giving the drug
CThe patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
DOnly the time of the patient’s last meal and drink
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient who has had a splenectomy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“Now that my spleen is out, a fever is nothing to worry about.”
B“I will get medical help quickly if I get a high temperature.”
C“I will keep my vaccinations up to date.”
D“I will tell all of my health care providers that I have no spleen.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient wants to leave the hospital against medical advice. What should the nurse do?
AInform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
BHide the patient’s clothes and belongings until the provider arrives
CLet the patient leave without telling anyone
DLock the door so the patient cannot leave the unit
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A nurse sees a colleague put a vial of an opioid into their own pocket instead of returning it. What should the nurse do?
ASay nothing, because it is not their business
BReport it to the nurse manager according to policy
CAsk the colleague to share the vial with them
DTell the patients to watch the colleague carefully
7.臨床看護学ふつう
An arterial blood gas shows a low pH, a high PaCO2 and a normal bicarbonate. What does this show?
ARespiratory acidosis
BRespiratory alkalosis
CMetabolic acidosis
DMetabolic alkalosis
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
高齢の患者が夜のうちに急に混乱し、注意力が変動しています。まず調べるべき原因は?
A感染や薬など、背景にある問題によるせん妄
B正常な加齢
C周囲への関心の欠如
Dアルツハイマー病の突然の発症
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with diabetes also takes propranolol. Why is regular glucose monitoring especially important?
AThe drug causes very high glucose in all patients
BThe drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
CThe drug stops the meter from reading correctly
DThe drug blocks the insulin injection site
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A woman with preeclampsia is receiving IV magnesium sulfate. Her urine output has fallen and her creatinine is rising. Why is this a concern?
APoor kidney function makes the magnesium level fall quickly
BMagnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
CMagnesium causes potassium loss, so the kidneys release more fluid
DMagnesium is broken down by the liver, so it will stop working soon
11.薬理学ふつう
A child is starting methylphenidate for ADHD. Which advice is appropriate?
AExpect weight gain as the main side effect
BGive the last dose at bedtime to help the child sleep
CGive doses early in the day and monitor appetite and growth
DGive the drug only at weekends
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on methadone is also prescribed diazepam for anxiety. What is the main safety concern?
AMethadone causes diazepam to be excreted very quickly
BDiazepam blocks the effect of methadone completely
CSevere hypertension from the combination
DAdditive sedation and respiratory depression
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
What is the purpose of a mucolytic such as carbocisteine in chronic productive cough?
ATo kill bacteria in the airways
BTo widen the airways within minutes
CTo stop the patient coughing completely, day and night
DTo make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient declines enoxaparin for VTE prevention because it is made from pork, which conflicts with their beliefs. What is the best response?
ARespect the decision, inform the prescriber and discuss non-animal options
BTell the patient that refusal means they cannot have surgery
CGive the injection anyway without explaining what the medicine is made from
DDocument the refusal in the notes and take no further action at all
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with Graves' eye disease has gritty eyes and swelling around them in the morning. Which advice is most appropriate?
ARub the eyes firmly each morning to reduce the swelling
BUse lubricating drops and sleep with the head raised
CSmoking more will not affect the eyes
DStay in bright sunlight to dry the eyes
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A 66-year-old smoker has had two episodes of painless red urine. Urine cultures are negative. Which plan is most appropriate?
AReassure him, because the blood has stopped
BUrgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
CAdvise more fluids and review in a year
DAnother course of antibiotics for a UTI
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which is a usual benefit of laparoscopic over open abdominal surgery?
ANo risk of any complications at all
BLess pain and a shorter hospital stay
CLarger wounds that heal faster
DNo need for a general anaesthetic ever
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Two days after surgery, a patient on regular ibuprofen has a low urine output and a rising creatinine, and intake has been poor. What should the nurse do?
AGive the next dose with extra food
BIncrease the dose to treat the pain better and encourage fluids
CChange to a higher-strength NSAID tablet
DWithhold the next dose and report to the prescriber
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
How does breast milk jaundice usually differ from early breastfeeding jaundice?
AIt always needs the baby to stop breastfeeding permanently
BIt appears later, after the first week, in a thriving baby
CIt appears in the first 24 hours in a sick baby
DIt is caused by too little milk intake
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which newborn finding should prompt checks for kidney and other anomalies?
AMilia on the nose
BMild moulding of the head
CAcrocyanosis in the first hours
DA single umbilical artery
21.小児看護ふつう
Which drink is best for a child with mild dehydration from gastroenteritis?
AUndiluted apple juice
BOral rehydration solution
CCola or other fizzy drinks
DSports drinks
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which finding in a teenager with anorexia nervosa most clearly suggests the need for hospital admission?
AWeighing 2 kg less than at last month's clinic visit
BFainting episodes with a very slow heart rate and low potassium
CMissing one menstrual period after starting a new diet
DWanting to exercise every day
23.精神看護ふつう
Which psychological treatment is most effective for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
AHypnosis to remove the obsessive thoughts permanently in a single session
BExposure and response prevention, a form of CBT
CEncouraging the patient to perform the rituals more often
DPsychoanalysis focused on early childhood memories
答え: A · Pass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
これが答えになる理由
After cleaning, the first stream flushes bacteria from the urethra, so the midstream part is collected in a sterile container. This reduces contamination.
答え
A · Pass the first part into the toilet, then catch the middle part in the pot
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Assess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests
これが答えになる理由
A delirious patient may lack capacity for this decision. Staff can take reasonable, proportionate steps in their best interests, such as calm persuasion and close supervision, while seeking medical review.
答え
D · Assess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
これが答えになる理由
Before any new drug, the nurse checks recorded allergies and asks the patient directly about past reactions. The patient is then watched closely after the first dose.
答え
C · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · “Now that my spleen is out, a fever is nothing to worry about.”
これが答えになる理由
People without a spleen are at risk of overwhelming infection, especially from encapsulated bacteria. Fever needs prompt medical assessment, and vaccines are kept up to date.
答え
A · “Now that my spleen is out, a fever is nothing to worry about.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Inform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
これが答えになる理由
A competent adult has the right to leave. The nurse informs the provider, makes sure the patient understands the risks and documents it; holding the patient against their will may be false imprisonment.
答え
A · Inform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Report it to the nurse manager according to policy
これが答えになる理由
Suspected drug diversion must be reported through the proper channel, usually the manager. It protects patients and allows the colleague to get help; staying silent is not acceptable.
答え
B · Report it to the nurse manager according to policy
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Respiratory acidosis
これが答えになる理由
A raised PaCO2 with a low pH means the lungs are not removing enough CO2, for example from hypoventilation. A normal bicarbonate suggests it is acute.
答え: B · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers, especially nonselective ones, blunt adrenergic warning signs of hypoglycemia such as tremor and tachycardia, and they can delay recovery. Sweating usually remains. Glucose checks help detect lows that the patient may not feel.確認に用いた資料:Low blood sugar · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
B · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
これが答えになる理由
Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so falling urine output and rising creatinine raise the risk of toxicity. The nurse checks deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate and level of consciousness, reports the findings and keeps calcium gluconate available as the antidote.確認に用いた資料:Magnesium Toxicity (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答え
B · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
11.薬理学
答え: C · Give doses early in the day and monitor appetite and growth
これが答えになる理由
Stimulants can cause insomnia, so doses are given in the morning and early afternoon. Reduced appetite can slow growth, so height and weight are tracked.
答え
C · Give doses early in the day and monitor appetite and growth
12.薬理学
答え: D · Additive sedation and respiratory depression
これが答えになる理由
Combining opioids with benzodiazepines greatly increases the risk of sedation, respiratory depression and death. If both are needed, the lowest doses are used and the patient is monitored closely.
答え
D · Additive sedation and respiratory depression
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
これが答えになる理由
Mucolytics reduce sputum viscosity, which can make expectoration easier and may reduce exacerbations in some people with COPD. They are not bronchodilators or antibiotics. Cough suppressants are generally avoided in productive cough.
答え
D · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Respect the decision, inform the prescriber and discuss non-animal options
これが答えになる理由
Most heparins are derived from porcine intestine. Patients have the right to know and to decline. The nurse informs the prescriber, who can consider synthetic alternatives (such as fondaparinux) or mechanical prophylaxis, and documents the discussion.
答え
A · Respect the decision, inform the prescriber and discuss non-animal options
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Use lubricating drops and sleep with the head raised
これが答えになる理由
Lubricating drops protect the cornea, raising the head at night reduces swelling, and sunglasses help with light sensitivity. Smoking strongly worsens thyroid eye disease, so stopping is advised.
答え
B · Use lubricating drops and sleep with the head raised
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Urgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
これが答えになる理由
Painless visible haematuria in an older smoker, with no infection, must be investigated urgently for bladder or kidney cancer. Intermittent bleeding does not mean the cause has gone.
答え
B · Urgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Less pain and a shorter hospital stay
これが答えになる理由
Smaller incisions usually mean less pain, faster mobilisation, fewer wound complications and shorter stays. There are still risks, including injury to organs and shoulder-tip pain from the gas.
答え
B · Less pain and a shorter hospital stay
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Withhold the next dose and report to the prescriber
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs can cause acute kidney injury, particularly with hypovolaemia, older age or other nephrotoxic drugs. The nurse withholds and reports, and fluid status and other analgesia are reviewed.
答え
D · Withhold the next dose and report to the prescriber
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · It appears later, after the first week, in a thriving baby
これが答えになる理由
Breast milk jaundice begins after the first week and can last several weeks in an otherwise healthy, well-fed baby. It is thought to be caused by substances in milk and rarely needs breastfeeding to stop.
答え
B · It appears later, after the first week, in a thriving baby
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · A single umbilical artery
これが答えになる理由
A two-vessel cord can be associated with renal, cardiac and other anomalies. Milia, moulding and acrocyanosis are normal findings.
答え
D · A single umbilical artery
21.小児看護
答え: B · Oral rehydration solution
これが答えになる理由
Oral rehydration solution has the right balance of sodium and glucose to promote water absorption. Juice, fizzy drinks and many sports drinks contain too much sugar and too little sodium and can worsen diarrhoea.
答え
B · Oral rehydration solution
22.小児看護
答え: B · Fainting episodes with a very slow heart rate and low potassium
これが答えになる理由
Admission is considered for medical instability, such as marked bradycardia, low or postural blood pressure, fainting, hypothermia, electrolyte problems or refusal to eat. Medical risk is judged on the whole picture, not on weight alone.
答え
B · Fainting episodes with a very slow heart rate and low potassium
23.精神看護
答え: B · Exposure and response prevention, a form of CBT
これが答えになる理由
In exposure and response prevention, the patient is gradually exposed to the anxiety-provoking trigger and resists the compulsion. Anxiety falls over time without the ritual, weakening the cycle. SSRIs are the main medicines used.
答え
B · Exposure and response prevention, a form of CBT
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 1 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
計算する
D = 1000/60 = 16.67 ≈ 16.7 mcg/min
答え
D = 16.7 mcg/min
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 625 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
25·25 = 625 mg
答え
D = 625 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 1.1 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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