Why must a respirator such as an FFP3 or N95 mask be fit-tested?
AIt only protects if it seals closely to the wearer's face
BIt must be tested to check it is the right colour
CFit-testing makes the mask reusable for a week
DFit-testing checks whether the patient is still infectious
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A potassium result is unexpectedly high and the lab reports that the sample was haemolysed. What does this mean?
AThe result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
BThe result is accurate and needs no follow-up
CThe patient definitely has low potassium
DThe patient definitely has dangerous hyperkalaemia needing treatment
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which practice reduces back strain when a nurse moves a patient or heavy object?
AKeep the load close to the body and avoid twisting
BHold the load at arm’s length to keep it steady
CStand with the feet close together for balance
DBend at the waist and keep both knees straight
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient rescued from a house fire has a headache and confusion, but the pulse oximeter reads 99%. Why might this reading be misleading?
AConfusion and headache make pulse oximetry readings inaccurate in every patient
BThe reading is accurate, so carbon monoxide poisoning is ruled out
CPulse oximetry cannot tell carbon monoxide-bound hemoglobin from oxygen-bound hemoglobin
DPulse oximeters always read falsely low after any kind of smoke exposure
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient taking lisinopril develops swelling of the lips and tongue. What should the nurse do first?
AGive the next dose of lisinopril with water
BTell the patient this is a common, harmless effect
CAssess the airway and call for urgent help
DApply a cold pack and recheck in an hour
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with untreated hyperthyroidism has surgery and develops a temperature of 40 °C, a heart rate of 160/min and severe agitation. What is most likely happening?
AThyroid storm
BMyxedema coma
COpioid withdrawal
DA normal reaction to pain
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient on peritoneal dialysis notices the drained fluid has become cloudy and has abdominal pain. What is likely?
AA urinary tract infection
BPeritonitis
CNormal dialysis fluid
DConstipation
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient who speaks little English needs to give consent for a procedure. Their 14-year-old child offers to interpret. What is the best action?
AUse gestures and proceed
BArrange a professional interpreter
CLet the child interpret to save time
DAsk the patient to sign the form without explanation
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
In countries that screen all pregnant women (such as the US), a vaginal-rectal swab is taken at about 36–37 weeks. Which organism is it screening for?
AStaphylococcus aureus
BHepatitis B virus
CGroup B Streptococcus
DCandida albicans
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A health care worker's hepatitis B tests show: HBsAg negative, anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc positive. What does this mean?
ANot immune and never exposed to the virus
BPast infection that has resolved, with immunity
CCurrent chronic hepatitis B infection
DImmunity from vaccination only, never infected
11.薬理学ふつう
Why are many drugs started at lower doses in older adults?
AOlder adults always weigh more than younger adults, so drugs last longer
BLower doses are cheaper for older patients
COlder adults absorb no drugs from the stomach
DKidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is pethidine (meperidine) avoided in older people and in kidney impairment?
AIt causes severe hypoglycaemia in these groups
BIt has no pain-relieving effect in older people
CIt is not absorbed from the gut when kidney function is poor
DIts metabolite norpethidine builds up and can cause seizures
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which ECG pattern is typical of acute pericarditis?
AA sawtooth baseline with a regular ventricular rate
BWidespread saddle-shaped ST elevation with PR depression
CTall peaked T waves with a wide QRS
DST elevation only in leads II, III and aVF with Q waves
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient has new chest pain at rest. The ECG shows ST depression, but serial troponins remain normal. Which diagnosis fits best?
AUnstable angina
BStable angina
CNon-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
DST-elevation myocardial infarction
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient on insulin asks about drinking alcohol. Which advice is correct?
AAlcohol has no effect on blood glucose in people with diabetes
BAlcohol should replace a meal on the days it is drunk
CAlcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
DAlcohol raises glucose, so extra insulin should be taken first
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Which task for a patient with a urinary catheter can the nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
ATeaching self-catheterisation for the first time
BAssessing a patient whose irrigation is not draining
CDeciding whether the catheter can be removed
DEmptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which liver function test pattern suggests bile duct obstruction?
AVery high ALT with a normal bilirubin only
BNormal bilirubin with a low ALP and low GGT
CHigh bilirubin with a markedly raised ALP and GGT
DA low albumin with all other results normal
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
On day 3 after admission, a patient with alcohol dependence becomes confused, with hallucinations, sweating, tremor, fever and tachycardia. What is the most likely cause?
AAn allergic reaction to hospital food
BNormal anxiety about being in hospital
CHepatitis A caught on the ward
DDelirium tremens from alcohol withdrawal
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which finding is a contraindication to a fetal scalp electrode?
AA cephalic presentation
BMaternal HIV infection
CMembranes that have ruptured
DCervical dilation of 4 cm
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
看護学生が、黄疸で光線療法を受けている新生児のケアをしています。是正が必要な行動はどれですか?
A赤ちゃんの体温と水分状態を定期的に確認する
B光線療法中、アイシールドで赤ちゃんの目を覆う
Cライトを消した授乳中に、アイシールドを外す
Dライトを点ける前に、皮膚にベビーオイルを塗る
21.小児看護ふつう
A child receiving chemotherapy has painful mouth ulcers (mucositis). Which mouth care is best?
AA hard toothbrush and lemon–glycerine swabs to clean the ulcers
BMouthwash containing alcohol several times a day
CSpicy and acidic foods to stimulate saliva flow
DA soft toothbrush or sponge, bland rinses and soft, cool foods
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child with leukaemia and a very high white cell count starts chemotherapy. Which blood results suggest tumour lysis syndrome?
AHigh sodium, high glucose, low albumin and low urea
BLow haemoglobin and low platelets with a normal potassium
CHigh potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
DLow potassium, low phosphate, low uric acid and high calcium
23.精神看護ふつう
バルプロ酸を開始する患者で重要なモニタリングはどれですか?
A聴力検査
B肝機能と膵炎の徴候、および妊娠のリスクに関する説明
C眼圧のみ
D肺線維症のリスクがあるため、肺機能と定期的な胸部 X 線
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient who believes he is a famous religious leader becomes upset when other patients laugh at him. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
AEncourage the other patients to explain why the belief is wrong
BAgree that he is the religious leader so that he feels respected
CProtect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
DAsk him to prove his identity in front of the group, so that the laughing stops
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 少量の注射の投与量の計算結果は 0.53031 mL です。 この練習問題のルールは「1 mL未満の容量は、mLの小数第2位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
0.53031 mL
x = mL
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 維持輸液が 25 mL/h で休みなく続いています。24時間で何リットル V を投与しますか。
25 mL/h24 h
V = L
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 16 kg の子どもに、2 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 10 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
16 kg2 mg/kg10 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 18 kg の子どもに、5 mL 中に 200 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 20 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか?
18 kg20 mg/kg200 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
60 mL/h での輸液が指示されていますが、ポンプがありません。60 滴/mL の輸液セットを使って自然落下で投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
60 mL/h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
400 mg を 500 mL に含む輸液が 9 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 分あたり何マイクログラム D を受け取りますか?
400 mg/500 mL9 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 輸液には 250 mL 中に速効型インスリン 100 単位が含まれています。体重 68 kg の患者に 0.05 単位/kg/h の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
100 個/250 mL0.05 個/kg/h68 kg
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 400 mg を 250 mL に溶かしたdopamineの輸液が 40 mL/h で投与されています。患者の体重は 107 kg です。患者は何 mcg/kg/min の投与量 D を受けていますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
400 mg/250 mL40 mL/h107 kg
D = mcg/kg/min
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 84 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: A · It only protects if it seals closely to the wearer's face
これが答えになる理由
A respirator filters tiny airborne particles only if air passes through the filter, not around a gap. Fit-testing and a fit-check every time it is worn make sure it seals.
答え
A · It only protects if it seals closely to the wearer's face
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · The result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
これが答えになる理由
Red cells contain a lot of potassium, so haemolysis during collection can falsely raise the result. The sample is repeated, with the patient assessed in the meantime.
答え
A · The result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Keep the load close to the body and avoid twisting
これが答えになる理由
Good body mechanics include a wide base of support, bending at the hips and knees, keeping the load close and turning with the feet instead of twisting the spine. Lifting aids are used whenever possible.
答え
A · Keep the load close to the body and avoid twisting
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Pulse oximetry cannot tell carbon monoxide-bound hemoglobin from oxygen-bound hemoglobin
これが答えになる理由
Standard pulse oximeters read carboxyhemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin, so SpO2 can look normal in carbon monoxide poisoning. A blood carboxyhemoglobin level confirms it, and high-flow oxygen is given.
答え
C · Pulse oximetry cannot tell carbon monoxide-bound hemoglobin from oxygen-bound hemoglobin
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Assess the airway and call for urgent help
これが答えになる理由
Angioedema is a rare but dangerous effect of ACE inhibitors. The airway comes first: the nurse assesses breathing, calls for urgent help and holds the drug.
答え
C · Assess the airway and call for urgent help
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Thyroid storm
これが答えになる理由
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening surge of thyroid hormone, with fever, tachycardia and agitation or confusion. It needs urgent treatment; myxedema coma is the opposite extreme of hypothyroidism.
答え
A · Thyroid storm
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Peritonitis
これが答えになる理由
Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain or fever suggests peritonitis, the main serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. The fluid is sent for culture and treatment started promptly.
答え
B · Peritonitis
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Arrange a professional interpreter
これが答えになる理由
Professional interpreters provide accurate, impartial translation and protect confidentiality. Children and family members should not be used for important clinical discussions such as consent.
答え
B · Arrange a professional interpreter
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Group B Streptococcus
これが答えになる理由
Group B streptococci can colonize the vagina and rectum and can cause severe infection in newborns. Women who test positive receive IV antibiotics during labor to reduce transmission to the baby. The UK does not screen all women routinely; it uses a risk-based approach instead.確認に用いた資料:Group B streptococcal septicemia of the newborn · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Group B Streptococcus
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Past infection that has resolved, with immunity
これが答えになる理由
The vaccine contains only surface antigen, so vaccination produces anti-HBs alone. A positive anti-HBc shows past or current infection; with HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive, the infection has cleared and the person is immune.確認に用いた資料:Hepatitis Testing · MedlinePlus (NIH)
答え
B · Past infection that has resolved, with immunity
11.薬理学
答え: D · Kidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
これが答えになる理由
Ageing reduces kidney function, changes body composition and often slows liver metabolism. Many drugs also have stronger effects on the ageing brain, so doses are started low and increased slowly.
答え
D · Kidney and liver clearance often decline, and sensitivity to drugs increases
12.薬理学
答え: D · Its metabolite norpethidine builds up and can cause seizures
これが答えになる理由
Norpethidine is excreted by the kidney and is a CNS stimulant. When it accumulates, it causes tremor, agitation and seizures, so other opioids are preferred.
答え
D · Its metabolite norpethidine builds up and can cause seizures
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Widespread saddle-shaped ST elevation with PR depression
これが答えになる理由
Pericarditis often causes concave ST elevation across many leads and PR segment depression, because the inflammation is not limited to one coronary territory. Localised ST elevation with reciprocal changes suggests STEMI. Pericarditis is usually treated with NSAIDs and colchicine.
答え
B · Widespread saddle-shaped ST elevation with PR depression
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Unstable angina
これが答えになる理由
Unstable angina is new, worsening or rest angina without a troponin rise. It is an acute coronary syndrome and is managed urgently because it can progress to infarction. Stable angina is predictable and exertional. NSTEMI has a rising troponin.
答え
A · Unstable angina
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Alcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
これが答えになる理由
Alcohol reduces the liver's release of glucose, so it increases the risk of hypoglycaemia, which may be delayed for many hours. Patients should eat carbohydrate, check glucose before bed and tell friends that a hypo can look like drunkenness.
答え
C · Alcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
これが答えになる理由
Emptying and recording urine volume is routine and can be delegated to trained staff. Decisions about removal, assessment of a possible blockage and first-time teaching need the registered nurse.
答え
D · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · High bilirubin with a markedly raised ALP and GGT
これが答えになる理由
Cholestasis raises alkaline phosphatase and gamma-GT, with conjugated bilirubin. Hepatocellular injury, such as hepatitis, mainly raises ALT and AST.
答え
C · High bilirubin with a markedly raised ALP and GGT
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Delirium tremens from alcohol withdrawal
これが答えになる理由
Delirium tremens usually develops 2–3 days after stopping alcohol and is a medical emergency. It is treated with benzodiazepines, fluids, thiamine and close monitoring, ideally prevented by a withdrawal protocol.
答え
D · Delirium tremens from alcohol withdrawal
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Maternal HIV infection
これが答えになる理由
A scalp electrode punctures fetal skin and could transmit blood-borne infections such as HIV, hepatitis B or C and herpes. It needs ruptured membranes, some dilation and an identifiable presenting part.
答え: D · A soft toothbrush or sponge, bland rinses and soft, cool foods
これが答えになる理由
Gentle cleaning with a soft brush or sponge, regular saline or bland rinses, analgesia and soft, cool, non-acidic foods protect the mouth. Alcohol mouthwashes and lemon–glycerine swabs dry and irritate the mucosa.
答え
D · A soft toothbrush or sponge, bland rinses and soft, cool foods
22.小児看護
答え: C · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
これが答えになる理由
Rapid breakdown of tumour cells releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (forming uric acid); phosphate binds calcium, lowering it. This can cause arrhythmias and kidney failure, so hydration, allopurinol or rasburicase and close monitoring are used.
答え
C · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
答え: C · Protect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
これが答えになる理由
Arguing or agreeing strengthens a delusion. The nurse protects the patient's dignity, responds to his feelings and focuses on real, present activities and concerns.
答え
C · Protect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
20·18 = 360 mg
体積
V = (360/200)·5 = 9 mL
答え
V = 9 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 60 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
60/60 = 1 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 1·60 = 60 gtt/min
答え
R = 60 gtt/min
微量用セット(60 滴/mL)では、滴/分は mL/h に等しくなります。
30.点滴速度
答え: D = 120 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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