A patient has macrocytic anemia with numbness and tingling of the feet and poor balance. Which deficiency is most likely?
AIron (low ferritin)
BVitamin C (ascorbic acid)
CVitamin B12
DFolate (folic acid)
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A child with sickle cell disease and a recent viral illness is pale and tired. The hemoglobin has fallen sharply, and the reticulocyte count is very low. What is the most likely problem?
AA normal finding in sickle cell disease
BA vaso-occlusive pain crisis in the bones
CIron deficiency from a poor diet over months
DAn aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19
11.薬理学ふつう
ヘパリンはどのようにして抗凝固作用を生みますか?
Aアンチトロンビンを増強し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子を不活化させる
Bすでにある血栓のフィブリンを分解する
C肝臓でのビタミン K 依存性凝固因子の合成を遮断する
D血小板の COX-1 を不可逆的に阻害する
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is adenosine used with caution in patients with asthma?
AIt can cause bronchospasm
BIt causes severe hypertension in asthma
CIt reduces the effect of inhaled steroids
DIt is broken down too slowly in asthma
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How should a patient with asthma record their peak flow at home?
ATake the best of three blows, ideally morning and evening
BTake one gentle blow once a week, at any time of day
CTake the average of ten blows after exercise
DBlow only during an asthma attack, never when well
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A nurse is reviewing four telemetry patients. Which rhythm needs attention first?
AFirst-degree heart block with a stable blood pressure and no symptoms
BSinus bradycardia of 54/min in a patient who is asleep and comfortable
CRepeated runs of ventricular tachycardia in a patient who feels dizzy
DRate-controlled atrial fibrillation at 82/min
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
After a kidney biopsy, which observation is most important?
AThe patient's appetite at the next meal
BThe colour of the patient's skin on the face
CThe temperature every four hours only
DSigns of bleeding, such as haematuria and a rising pulse
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
After removal of a cortisol-producing adrenal adenoma, why may the patient need hydrocortisone for months?
AThe other adrenal gland has been suppressed
BThe operation always removes both adrenal glands
CThe tumour will grow back quickly without it
DHydrocortisone helps the wound to heal
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why is blood lactate measured when sepsis is suspected?
AA raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
BIt replaces the need for blood cultures
CIt shows which bacteria are causing the infection
DIt measures the effect of antibiotics on the kidney
答え: C · Treat it as not breathing normally, call for help and start CPR
これが答えになる理由
Agonal gasps are common in the first minutes after cardiac arrest. They must not be mistaken for breathing; CPR is started and an AED fetched straight away.
答え
C · Treat it as not breathing normally, call for help and start CPR
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Hold the belt, widen the stance and ease the patient gently to the floor
これが答えになる理由
The nurse keeps hold of the gait belt, takes a wide base of support and slides the patient down along their own leg to the floor, protecting the head. This controls the fall and protects the nurse’s back.
答え
D · Hold the belt, widen the stance and ease the patient gently to the floor
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Naloxone wears off sooner than many opioids, so the opioid effect returns
これが答えになる理由
Naloxone acts for a shorter time than many opioids, so sedation and respiratory depression can return. Patients are monitored closely, and repeat doses or an infusion may be needed.
答え
B · Naloxone wears off sooner than many opioids, so the opioid effect returns
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
これが答えになる理由
Leaning on the axillary pads can compress the nerves in the armpit. Weight should be taken through the hands, and the home should be made safe from trip hazards.
答え
D · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Level 2
これが答えになる理由
Active suicidal ideation with a plan is a high-risk situation, so the patient is ESI level 2. They need prompt evaluation and a safe environment with close observation.
答え
A · Level 2
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
これが答えになる理由
Facing the patient in good light, speaking clearly at a normal pace, checking hearing aids and reducing noise improves communication. Written information can also help.
答え
D · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
B12 and folate deficiencies both cause macrocytic anemia, but B12 deficiency also damages the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, causing numbness, tingling and poor balance. Neurological damage can become permanent if treatment is delayed.確認に用いた資料:Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Vitamin B12 level - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
C · Vitamin B12
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · An aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19
これが答えになる理由
Patients with sickle cell disease depend on a high reticulocyte count because their red cells live only a short time. Parvovirus B19 can stop red cell production for days, causing a rapid fall in hemoglobin with very low reticulocytes. Transfusion may be needed.確認に用いた資料:Reticulocyte Count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · An aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19
11.薬理学
答え: A · アンチトロンビンを増強し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子を不活化させる
これが答えになる理由
ヘパリンはアンチトロンビンに結合し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子の不活化を大きく加速します。低分子量ヘパリンは主に第 Xa 因子に作用します。
答え
A · アンチトロンビンを増強し、トロンビンと第 Xa 因子を不活化させる
12.薬理学
答え: A · It can cause bronchospasm
これが答えになる理由
Adenosine can trigger bronchospasm in people with asthma or COPD. Other treatment options, such as verapamil, may be chosen.
答え
A · It can cause bronchospasm
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Take the best of three blows, ideally morning and evening
これが答えになる理由
The patient stands or sits upright, takes a full breath and blows as hard and fast as possible, three times, recording the best. Regular readings show variability and guide the action plan, which uses the patient's own best value as the reference.
答え
A · Take the best of three blows, ideally morning and evening
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Repeated runs of ventricular tachycardia in a patient who feels dizzy
これが答えになる理由
Symptomatic runs of VT can degenerate into VF or pulseless VT and need immediate assessment, electrolytes and treatment. Sinus bradycardia during sleep, controlled AF and first-degree heart block with stable observations are usually not urgent.
答え
C · Repeated runs of ventricular tachycardia in a patient who feels dizzy
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Signs of bleeding, such as haematuria and a rising pulse
これが答えになる理由
Bleeding is the main complication of kidney biopsy. The patient usually has bed rest for some hours, with frequent BP and pulse checks and inspection of urine for haematuria. Back pain or a falling BP is reported at once.
答え
D · Signs of bleeding, such as haematuria and a rising pulse
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · The other adrenal gland has been suppressed
これが答えになる理由
Excess cortisol from the adenoma suppressed ACTH, so the remaining adrenal gland is shrunken and underactive. Steroid replacement is needed until it recovers, which can take months. Stopping too early risks adrenal crisis.
答え
A · The other adrenal gland has been suppressed
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
これが答えになる理由
A high lactate signals tissue hypoperfusion and higher risk of death in sepsis. It helps guide fluid resuscitation and escalation, and it is repeated to check the response.
答え: B · The baby's glucose will be checked for hypoglycaemia
これが答えになる理由
Babies of mothers with diabetes may have high insulin levels after birth, causing hypoglycaemia. Early, frequent feeding, often skin-to-skin, and glucose monitoring per protocol are standard.
答え
B · The baby's glucose will be checked for hypoglycaemia
21.小児看護
答え: B · Before the chemotherapy starts and then regularly
これが答えになる理由
Antiemetics work best when given before chemotherapy and on a regular schedule, not only after vomiting begins. Uncontrolled vomiting can also cause anticipatory nausea with later treatments.
答え
B · Before the chemotherapy starts and then regularly
22.小児看護
答え: A · Respect beliefs where possible, explore alternatives and seek legal authority if needed
これが答えになる理由
Clinicians work with families to respect beliefs and use alternatives where safe. When a child's life is at risk, many legal systems allow the team to seek a court order or act in an emergency to give necessary treatment.
答え
A · Respect beliefs where possible, explore alternatives and seek legal authority if needed
23.精神看護
答え: A · Sit on the edge of the bed for a moment and then stand up slowly
これが答えになる理由
Many antipsychotics cause orthostatic hypotension through alpha-1 blockade. Rising slowly reduces dizziness and the risk of falls; the nurse also checks lying and standing blood pressure.
答え
A · Sit on the edge of the bed for a moment and then stand up slowly
24.精神看護
答え: A · A newly admitted man with depression who says he has given away his dog and written letters to his children
これが答えになる理由
Giving away pets or possessions and writing goodbye letters are warning signs of a suicide plan. This patient needs immediate assessment; the others have needs that can safely wait a little.
答え
A · A newly admitted man with depression who says he has given away his dog and written letters to his children
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