How should the nurse straighten the ear canal to give ear drops to a 2-year-old child?
APush the pinna forward and up
BLeave the ear untouched and drop into the canal
CPull the pinna down and back
DPull the pinna up and back
12.薬理学むずかしい
A ventilated ICU patient receives vecuronium, a neuromuscular blocker. Why must sedation and pain relief also be given?
AVecuronium causes severe pain at the injection site
BSedatives are needed to prevent vecuronium from causing seizures and agitation
CVecuronium stops working unless a sedative is also given
DNeuromuscular blockers paralyse muscles but do not cause sedation or analgesia
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why must anti-embolism stockings be measured and fitted correctly?
ACorrect fit is needed only to improve the appearance
BPoorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
CLoose stockings make the patient's legs too warm at night
DTight stockings work better, so the smallest size is always best
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A nurse phones the doctor about a patient with pneumonia whose observations are worsening. Using SBAR, which statement is the clearest "recommendation"?
A"I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
B"I am calling about the patient in bed 6."
C"He is 72 and was admitted yesterday with community-acquired pneumonia."
D"His heart rate is 124/min, his BP is 88/50 mmHg and he is confused."
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
How does bladder training help urge incontinence?
AThe time between voids is slowly increased
BA catheter is used every night
CThe patient drinks as little as possible
DThe patient goes to the toilet every 15 minutes
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A nurse teaches foot care to a patient with diabetic neuropathy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will buy corn plasters from the pharmacy for my corn."
B"I will wear socks and shoes that fit well and do not rub."
C"I will check that the bath water is not too hot using my elbow."
D"I will check my feet every day, using a mirror for the soles."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Dysphagia that started with solids and now includes liquids, with weight loss, most suggests which cause?
ASimple anxiety about swallowing tablets
BA dry mouth from drinking too little water
CA narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
DNormal ageing of the swallowing muscles
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient took a large paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose 6 hours ago and says they feel completely well. Which statement is correct?
ATreatment is not needed if the patient has not vomited
BFeeling well means the dose was too small to cause harm
CLiver damage may still develop, and appears only days later
DLiver damage after paracetamol occurs only within the first hour or so
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Why is congenital hypothyroidism included in newborn screening?
What must a patient be told for consent to a new psychotropic medicine to be valid?
AOnly the benefits, so that the patient is not frightened by the side effects
BOnly the name of the medicine and the time of day it will be given
CNothing at all, because psychiatric patients cannot give consent
DThe expected benefits, the main risks and the alternatives, including no treatment
24.精神看護むずかしい
An 8-year-old taking methylphenidate for 6 months has dropped from the 50th to the 25th centile for weight. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
AAdvise giving a double dose at night instead, so that the medicine does not affect his appetite during the day
BReport the finding, review his eating pattern and suggest giving the medicine after breakfast
CIgnore it, because weight changes in children are always normal
DStop the medicine immediately without telling the prescriber
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 220.058 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
220.058 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴は 6 mg/h を投与します。この投与速度 D を mcg/min で表してください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
6 mg/h1 mg = 1000 mcg1 h = 60 min
D = mcg/min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 38 kg の子どもに、4 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 20 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
38 kg4 mg/kg20 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 28 kg の子どもに、5 mL 中に 100 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 12.5 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか?
28 kg12.5 mg/kg100 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
15 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1000 mL を 5 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1000 mL5 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
薬剤 1000 mg を 500 mL に希釈し、15 滴/mL のセットで自然落下で投与します。指示は 1 時間あたり 80 mg です。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1000 mg/500 mL80 mg/h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 練習用プロトコルでは、体重 53 kg の患者にヘパリン 80 単位/kg をボーラス投与することになっています。バイアルは 1 000 単位/mL です。何 mL V 吸い上げますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
80 個/kg53 kg1 000 個/mL
V = mL
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 78 kg の患者に、nitroglycerinを 10 mcg/min で投与する指示が出ています。バッグには 250 mL 中に 25 mg が含まれています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
25 mg/250 mL10 mcg/min78 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。
答え: A · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
これが答えになる理由
Pulling the skin sideways before injecting and releasing it afterwards makes a zigzag track that closes over the needle path, preventing leakage and skin staining.
答え
A · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Respiratory rate 8/min and difficult to rouse
これが答えになる理由
A low respiratory rate with reduced consciousness may mean opioid toxicity or deterioration and threatens the airway. The other findings are common after surgery and can be managed routinely.
答え
A · Respiratory rate 8/min and difficult to rouse
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Above the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows
これが答えになる理由
After a surgical scrub, the hands are the cleanest area, so they are held above the elbows to let water drain away from them toward the less clean elbows.
答え
D · Above the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Release the restraint at once and reposition the patient
これが答えになる理由
Patients have died from strangulation when vest restraints moved up to the neck. The nurse frees the patient immediately, checks breathing and repositions them, then reassesses whether the restraint is needed at all.
答え
B · Release the restraint at once and reposition the patient
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
これが答えになる理由
New chest pain and tachycardia after surgery could be a myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism. This patient needs immediate assessment; the others have routine needs.
答え
A · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Report it to the nurse manager according to policy
これが答えになる理由
Suspected drug diversion must be reported through the proper channel, usually the manager. It protects patients and allows the colleague to get help; staying silent is not acceptable.
答え
C · Report it to the nurse manager according to policy
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
これが答えになる理由
Diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms until it is advanced. Screening allows early treatment that can prevent blindness.
答え
D · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Raising the head of the bed to about 30° with the head kept midline
これが答えになる理由
Head elevation and a midline neck position help venous drainage from the brain. Neck flexion, tight tube ties, coughing, straining and unnecessary suctioning can all raise intracranial pressure.
答え
C · Raising the head of the bed to about 30° with the head kept midline
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · QT 間隔の延長
これが答えになる理由
低カルシウムは QT 間隔を延長させ、危険な不整脈につながることがあります。高カルシウムは QT 間隔を短縮し、尖った T 波は高カリウム血症に典型的です。
答え
B · QT 間隔の延長
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · 結果は偽高値の可能性があり、患者をアセスメントして再採血を手配する
これが答えになる理由
赤血球はカリウムに富んでいます。採血管の中で壊れると(きつい駆血帯、手を握ること、細い針が原因)、カリウムが漏れ出し、結果は偽高値になります。真の高カリウム血症を見逃してはならないので、看護師は患者をアセスメントして再検査も行います。確認に用いた資料:Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
B · 結果は偽高値の可能性があり、患者をアセスメントして再採血を手配する
11.薬理学
答え: C · Pull the pinna down and back
これが答えになる理由
In children under about 3 years, the pinna is pulled down and back; in adults it is pulled up and back. The child then lies with the treated ear up for a few minutes.
答え
C · Pull the pinna down and back
12.薬理学
答え: D · Neuromuscular blockers paralyse muscles but do not cause sedation or analgesia
これが答えになる理由
Neuromuscular blockers cause paralysis but leave awareness and pain sensation intact. Without sedation and analgesia, the patient could be awake and in pain while unable to move.
答え
D · Neuromuscular blockers paralyse muscles but do not cause sedation or analgesia
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
これが答えになる理由
Stockings that are the wrong size or that roll down can act like a tourniquet and cause skin and pressure damage. They are measured to the leg, checked daily, and avoided in significant peripheral arterial disease, severe neuropathy or leg skin damage.
答え
B · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
これが答えになる理由
In SBAR, the recommendation states clearly what the nurse needs and how quickly, such as a review within a set time. The other statements belong to situation, background and assessment. Structured communication reduces delays in escalation.
答え
A · "I think he may have sepsis; please review him within 30 minutes."
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · The time between voids is slowly increased
これが答えになる理由
In bladder training, the patient follows a schedule and gradually lengthens the time between voids while using urge-suppression techniques. Over weeks, bladder capacity and control improve. Very low fluid intake makes urine concentrated and irritating.
答え
A · The time between voids is slowly increased
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · "I will buy corn plasters from the pharmacy for my corn."
これが答えになる理由
Medicated corn plasters contain acids that can burn the skin and cause ulcers in people with neuropathy or poor circulation. Corns and calluses should be treated by a podiatrist.
答え
A · "I will buy corn plasters from the pharmacy for my corn."
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · A narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
これが答えになる理由
Progressive dysphagia, solids first then liquids, with weight loss, is typical of a mechanical obstruction such as oesophageal cancer or a stricture. It needs an urgent referral for endoscopy.
答え
C · A narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Liver damage may still develop, and appears only days later
これが答えになる理由
Early after paracetamol overdose, patients often have no or few symptoms, but liver injury peaks after about 3–4 days. Treatment with acetylcysteine is guided by timed paracetamol levels and the history.
答え
C · Liver damage may still develop, and appears only days later
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Early treatment prevents brain damage
これが答えになる理由
Untreated congenital hypothyroidism causes poor growth and intellectual disability. Daily levothyroxine started in the first weeks allows normal development.
答え: D · The expected benefits, the main risks and the alternatives, including no treatment
これが答えになる理由
Valid consent requires that the patient has capacity, has enough information about benefits, risks and alternatives, and decides voluntarily. A mental illness does not automatically remove capacity.
答え
D · The expected benefits, the main risks and the alternatives, including no treatment
24.精神看護
答え: B · Report the finding, review his eating pattern and suggest giving the medicine after breakfast
これが答えになる理由
Appetite suppression is a common stimulant effect and can affect growth. The prescriber needs to know, and strategies such as giving the dose after breakfast and offering a good evening meal can help.
答え
B · Report the finding, review his eating pattern and suggest giving the medicine after breakfast
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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