A conscious adult in the dining room is suddenly unable to speak, cough or breathe after a mouthful of food. What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage them to drink a glass of water to wash the food down
BUp to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts if needed
CSweep blindly in the mouth with a finger
DLie them down on the floor and start chest compressions immediately
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which finding most suggests fluid overload in a patient with chronic kidney disease?
AA weight gain of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in two days with ankle swelling
BDark yellow urine and thirst
CA weight loss of 1 kg (2.2 lb) after a hot day
DA dry mouth and a low blood pressure when standing
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with a brain tumour on high-dose dexamethasone has a capillary glucose of 16 mmol/L (288 mg/dL). They have no history of diabetes. What is the best explanation?
AA sign that the brain tumour has now spread to the pancreas
BA lab error, because steroids lower blood glucose
CNormal for this patient, so no action is needed
DSteroid-induced hyperglycaemia, which needs monitoring and treatment
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
How should a patient with facial burns usually be positioned?
AIn any position that keeps the face covered
BLying face down on the pillow to protect the airway
CWith the head of the bed raised to reduce swelling
DLying flat with the head lower than the feet
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An 80 kg adult has 30% TBSA partial- and full-thickness burns. Using the Parkland formula, how much crystalloid is planned for the first 8 hours from the time of the burn?
A9600 mL
B4800 mL
C2400 mL
D3200 mL
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman 2 hours after birth has a temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F), a firm fundus and normal lochia. What is the most likely cause?
ADehydration after labour
BEndometritis
CMastitis
DPulmonary embolism
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Why is weighing blood-soaked pads better than visual estimation of postpartum blood loss?
AVisual estimates always overestimate blood loss
BWeighing tells you the cause of the bleeding
CWeighing is faster than looking
DVisual estimates underestimate large losses
21.小児看護ふつう
A newborn has a cephalohaematoma. What should the nurse monitor closely over the next days?
AHead circumference twice daily, because it signals hydrocephalus
BBlood pressure, because the swelling causes hypertension
CJaundice, because the breakdown of the trapped blood adds to bilirubin
DUrine colour, because the swelling causes kidney damage
22.小児看護むずかしい
After cardiac catheterisation through the femoral artery, the nurse sees blood soaking through the dressing. What should the nurse do first?
ALift the leg up and bend the knee and hip to slow the blood flow to the site
BRecord the amount of blood and recheck in 30 minutes
CRemove the dressing to look at the wound more closely
DApply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site and call for help
23.精神看護ふつう
When is the best time to teach a patient with an anxiety disorder a relaxation technique?
AWhen the patient's anxiety is at a mild level
BDuring a panic attack, when the patient needs it most
CWhen the patient's anxiety is severe, so that the effect can be seen clearly
DOnly after the patient has been discharged from hospital
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man with gambling disorder has lost his savings and has large debts. He tells the nurse, "My family would be better off without me." What should the nurse do?
AReassure him that his family will forgive him
BAsk directly about suicidal thoughts and plans, and assess his risk
CChange the subject to his gambling triggers and how to avoid the betting shop
答え: D · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
これが答えになる理由
Dark varnish or false nails can block the oximeter's light and hide nail-bed colour. Clear access to the nails helps monitor oxygenation and circulation.
答え
D · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
これが答えになる理由
Verbal orders are used only where local policy allows, such as emergencies. Reading back the drug, dose and route confirms the order, and it is documented and signed as soon as possible.
答え
C · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · An interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
これが答えになる理由
BCG vaccine can cause a false-positive tuberculin skin test. IGRA blood tests are not affected by BCG, so they are preferred for people who have had the vaccine.
答え
D · An interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
Sudden lack of drainage with a full bladder usually means a kinked or blocked catheter. The nurse checks the tubing and position first, then follows the policy for irrigation or replacement.
答え
C · Check the tubing for kinks or obstruction
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
これが答えになる理由
In JumpSTART, an apneic child with a pulse gets five rescue breaths, because the cause is often respiratory. If breathing starts the child is immediate (red); if not, the child is expectant.
答え
B · Give five rescue breaths; if breathing starts, tag the child red
答え: C · The heart rate falls, blood pressure rises and urine output improves
これが答えになる理由
After a fluid challenge, a falling heart rate, rising blood pressure, better capillary refill, improving consciousness and urine output suggest fluid responsiveness. New crackles or breathlessness suggest fluid overload.
答え
C · The heart rate falls, blood pressure rises and urine output improves
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Absolute neutrophil count
これが答えになる理由
Clozapine can cause severe neutropenia (agranulocytosis), so the ANC is checked before starting and regularly during treatment. A sore throat, fever or other sign of infection must be reported at once.
答え
A · Absolute neutrophil count
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · It raises the risk of acute pancreatitis
これが答えになる理由
Triglycerides are monitored in patients receiving lipid emulsions, because high levels can cause pancreatitis and show that lipid is not being cleared. The result is reported, and the lipid dose may be reduced or held.確認に用いた資料:Triglycerides Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · It raises the risk of acute pancreatitis
11.薬理学
答え: D · 単純ヘルペスウイルスや水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルスなどのヘルペスウイルス
これが答えになる理由
アシクロビルは感染細胞の中でウイルスのチミジンキナーゼによってリン酸化され、ウイルスの DNA ポリメラーゼを遮断します。口唇ヘルペス、性器ヘルペス、水痘、帯状疱疹に使います。
答え
D · 単純ヘルペスウイルスや水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルスなどのヘルペスウイルス
12.薬理学
答え: B · Rapid onset with hyperreflexia and clonus
これが答えになる理由
Serotonin syndrome develops within hours of a serotonergic drug and causes clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, dilated pupils and diarrhoea. NMS develops over days after a dopamine antagonist, with lead-pipe rigidity and slow reflexes.
答え: B · Up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts if needed
これが答えになる理由
For a conscious adult with severe choking, current UK, European and AHA (2025) guidance teach up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts, repeated until the obstruction clears; some older courses used abdominal thrusts alone. If the person becomes unconscious, CPR is started. Blind finger sweeps can push the object further in.
答え
B · Up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts if needed
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · A weight gain of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in two days with ankle swelling
これが答えになる理由
Rapid weight gain reflects fluid retention. Oedema, breathlessness, crackles in the lungs and a raised blood pressure are other signs. Daily weights are a simple and reliable way to track fluid balance.
答え
A · A weight gain of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in two days with ankle swelling
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Steroid-induced hyperglycaemia, which needs monitoring and treatment
これが答えになる理由
Glucocorticoids increase glucose production and insulin resistance, so hyperglycaemia is common, often later in the day after a morning dose. Glucose is monitored regularly, and treatment may be needed. Other steroid effects include mood change and gastric irritation.
答え
D · Steroid-induced hyperglycaemia, which needs monitoring and treatment
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · With the head of the bed raised to reduce swelling
これが答えになる理由
Raising the head reduces facial and airway swelling. The airway is monitored closely because swelling can increase over the first 24–48 hours.
答え
C · With the head of the bed raised to reduce swelling
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · 4800 mL
これが答えになる理由
Parkland gives 4 × 80 × 30 = 9600 mL in 24 hours, with half (4800 mL) in the first 8 hours from the time of injury. The rate is then adjusted to urine output and clinical response. Many burn centres now start lower, for example at 2 mL/kg/%TBSA in adults, and titrate to urine output.
答え
B · 4800 mL
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Dehydration after labour
これが答えになる理由
A slight rise in temperature in the first 24 hours is often due to dehydration and the effort of labour. Fluids are encouraged and temperature rechecked. A fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or more, especially after 24 hours, suggests infection.
答え
A · Dehydration after labour
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Visual estimates underestimate large losses
これが答えになる理由
Quantitative measurement by weighing pads and drapes is more accurate. Visual estimates tend to underestimate heavy bleeding, which can delay treatment.
答え
D · Visual estimates underestimate large losses
21.小児看護
答え: C · Jaundice, because the breakdown of the trapped blood adds to bilirubin
これが答えになる理由
A cephalohaematoma is a collection of blood under the periosteum. As the red cells break down, bilirubin rises, so these babies have a higher risk of jaundice. The swelling itself usually resolves over weeks without treatment.
答え
C · Jaundice, because the breakdown of the trapped blood adds to bilirubin
22.小児看護
答え: D · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site and call for help
これが答えになる理由
Bleeding from an arterial puncture is controlled by firm pressure just above the site (over the artery), while help is called. The child is kept still with the leg straight, and vital signs and the limb are assessed.
答え
D · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site and call for help
23.精神看護
答え: A · When the patient's anxiety is at a mild level
これが答えになる理由
Patients with severe anxiety or panic cannot take in new information. New coping skills are taught when anxiety is low, so they can be used later when anxiety rises.
答え
A · When the patient's anxiety is at a mild level
24.精神看護
答え: B · Ask directly about suicidal thoughts and plans, and assess his risk
これが答えになる理由
Gambling disorder is associated with a raised risk of suicide, especially with debt, shame and hopelessness. The statement is a warning sign that needs direct questions and risk assessment.
答え
B · Ask directly about suicidal thoughts and plans, and assess his risk
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 40.1 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
投与量
D = 250·0.74 = 185 mg
答え
D = 185 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 16 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
25000/500 = 50 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 800/50 = 16 mL/h
答え
R = 16 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 1440 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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