A patient with heavy alcohol use and a poor diet has a hemoglobin of 10.1 g/dL (101 g/L), an MCV of 110 fL and a low red cell folate. Which explanation fits best?
AFolate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
BThalassemia trait inherited from one of the parents
CIron deficiency from slow, chronic bleeding in the gut
DAnemia caused by long-standing chronic kidney disease
11.薬理学ふつう
経口ステロイドの長期使用でよく知られた副作用はどれですか?
A低血圧
B体重減少
C低血糖
D骨粗鬆症
12.薬理学むずかしい
Before starting rituximab, patients are tested for hepatitis B. Why?
AHepatitis B infection makes rituximab completely ineffective
BRituximab is made from the hepatitis B virus
CRituximab can reactivate hepatitis B and cause liver failure
DRituximab is a vaccine against hepatitis B
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
降圧薬を飲み始めたばかりの患者が、ベッドから出るときにめまいを感じます。正しい助言はどれですか?
A代わりに、翌朝に2倍量を飲む
B血流が保たれるよう、すばやく立ち上がる
C立つ前に、しばらくベッドの端に座る
D医師や看護師に言わずに錠剤を中止する
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient who has had a total laryngectomy becomes breathless and needs oxygen. How should it be given?
AVia nasal cannula at 2 L/min
BVia a non-rebreather mask over the mouth only
CVia a standard face mask over the nose and mouth
DVia a mask or humidified device over the neck stoma
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which group of drugs is a well-known cause of SIADH and hyponatraemia, especially in older people?
APenicillin antibiotics
BProton pump inhibitors
CBulk-forming laxatives
DSSRI antidepressants
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with a head injury now has a blood pressure of 190/70 mmHg, a pulse of 48/min and irregular breathing. How should the nurse interpret this?
AA normal stress response to pain, anxiety and the noise of the ward
BNeurogenic shock from a spinal cord injury
CCushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
DHypovolaemic shock from internal bleeding
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
A patient received IV morphine 20 minutes ago and the surgical consent form has not been signed. What should the nurse do?
AAsk the patient to sign quickly before they get sleepier
BTell the surgeon, as the patient may not be able to consent now
CSign the form on the patient's behalf as a witness
DAsk a relative to sign instead of the patient
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
On the ward after surgery, a patient has a red, blistered area of skin under where the diathermy plate was. What should the nurse do?
AIgnore it because skin changes after surgery are normal and expected to fade
BApply a hot water bottle to improve the circulation
CWash it with alcohol and leave it uncovered
DTreat it as a possible burn, report it and complete an incident form
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A newborn baby girl has a small amount of blood-tinged vaginal discharge on day 3. What should the nurse tell the parents?
答え: A · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
これが答えになる理由
Using one tool consistently lets the team see trends and judge whether treatment works. The tool chosen should suit the patient's age and ability to communicate.
答え
A · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Explore the difference gently and assess the pain further
これが答えになる理由
When cues conflict, the nurse looks further. Patients may play pain down for many reasons, such as not wanting to bother staff or fearing side effects.
答え
B · Explore the difference gently and assess the pain further
答え: A · Close the doors to patient rooms, stay on the unit and wait for instructions
これが答えになる理由
Closing doors limits the spread of smoke and fire. Staff follow the fire plan, keep corridors clear and prepare for evacuation, but do not evacuate until directed or the fire is in their area.
答え
A · Close the doors to patient rooms, stay on the unit and wait for instructions
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · “I will use my steroid inhaler when I have a sudden attack.”
これが答えになる理由
Inhaled corticosteroids reduce inflammation over time and do not relieve an acute attack. Salbutamol (albuterol) is the quick-relief inhaler; rinsing after steroids helps prevent oral thrush.
答え
A · “I will use my steroid inhaler when I have a sudden attack.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · 9
これが答えになる理由
Eyes open to pain scores 2, inappropriate words score 3 and withdrawal from pain scores 4, giving 9. A score of 8 or less often means the patient cannot protect their airway.
答え
D · 9
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · Airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness
これが答えになる理由
Early postoperative assessment checks the airway, breathing, oxygen saturation, circulation, consciousness, pain, wound and drains. This detects anaesthetic and surgical complications early.
答え
A · Airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · 速やかに隔離し、接触予防策をとり、便検体を提出する
これが答えになる理由
原因不明の下痢は、例えば C. difficile やノロウイルスによる感染性のことがあります。遅れずに隔離と検査を行うことで、ほかの患者を守ります。
答え
A · 速やかに隔離し、接触予防策をとり、便検体を提出する
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · 血液濃縮を伴う脱水
これが答えになる理由
血漿中の水分が失われると、赤血球が濃縮され(ヘマトクリット上昇)、尿も濃縮され(比重高値)、BUN が上昇します。水分過剰では、反対のパターンになります。確認に用いた資料:Hematocrit Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
A · 血液濃縮を伴う脱水
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Folate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
これが答えになる理由
Poor diet and alcohol reduce folate intake and absorption, causing macrocytic anemia, and alcohol itself also raises the MCV. Iron deficiency and thalassemia cause small cells. Folate is replaced after B12 deficiency is excluded, and thiamine is also commonly given.確認に用いた資料:Folate-deficiency anemia - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
A · Folate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
答え: C · Rituximab can reactivate hepatitis B and cause liver failure
これが答えになる理由
Rituximab destroys CD20-positive B cells, weakening control of latent hepatitis B. Reactivation can cause fulminant hepatitis, so carriers receive monitoring or antiviral prophylaxis.
答え
C · Rituximab can reactivate hepatitis B and cause liver failure
答え: D · Via a mask or humidified device over the neck stoma
これが答えになる理由
A total laryngectomy separates the trachea from the upper airway, so the patient breathes only through the neck stoma. Oxygen and any rescue breaths must be given via the stoma. These patients are "neck breathers" and often carry an alert card.
答え
D · Via a mask or humidified device over the neck stoma
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · SSRI antidepressants
これが答えになる理由
SSRIs such as sertraline and citalopram can cause SIADH, particularly in older adults. Carbamazepine, some antipsychotics and some chemotherapy drugs are other causes. Sodium is checked if symptoms appear.
答え
D · SSRI antidepressants
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
これが答えになる理由
Cushing's triad is hypertension with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia and irregular respiration. It shows that the brainstem is being compressed and herniation may be imminent, so it is an emergency.
答え
C · Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Tell the surgeon, as the patient may not be able to consent now
これが答えになる理由
Opioids and sedatives can impair understanding, so consent may not be valid. The surgeon is informed; consent is obtained when the patient has capacity, or other legal processes are followed in an emergency.
答え
B · Tell the surgeon, as the patient may not be able to consent now
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Treat it as a possible burn, report it and complete an incident form
これが答えになる理由
A blister under the return electrode suggests a diathermy burn. The nurse assesses and dresses it, informs the team, and reports it as an incident so that the cause can be investigated.
答え
D · Treat it as a possible burn, report it and complete an incident form
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · It is caused by maternal hormones
これが答えになる理由
Pseudomenstruation is caused by withdrawal of maternal hormones after birth and resolves within days. Swollen breasts in either sex have the same cause.
答え
C · It is caused by maternal hormones
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · 見える出血がわずかでも、潜在性の(外出血のない)早期剥離で大量に失血している可能性がある
Antidepressants may be linked to increased suicidal thinking in some young people, especially early in treatment or after dose changes. Close follow-up, safety planning and involving the family are advised.
答え
C · Worsening mood or new suicidal thoughts
22.小児看護
答え: B · Drooling, high fever and a toxic look, without a barking cough
これが答えになる理由
Epiglottitis typically starts suddenly with high fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing and a toxic appearance; the child sits forward and there is little cough. Croup is usually viral, with a barking cough and hoarseness after cold symptoms.
答え
B · Drooling, high fever and a toxic look, without a barking cough
23.精神看護
答え: D · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
これが答えになる理由
In OCPD, rigid perfectionism, orderliness and control are part of the personality and usually feel right to the person. In OCD, the person has intrusive obsessions and compulsions that they usually find distressing.
答え
D · It is a lasting pattern of perfectionism and control without true obsessions and compulsions
24.精神看護
答え: C · It would be inappropriate, because seclusion is only a last resort for serious risk of harm
これが答えになる理由
Seclusion is a restrictive intervention used only to contain severe behaviour likely to cause harm to others, as a last resort, for the shortest time. Using it for convenience or punishment breaches patients' rights.
答え
C · It would be inappropriate, because seclusion is only a last resort for serious risk of harm
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 3.81 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
オンスからポンドへ
6 oz/16 = 0.375 lb
8 + 0.375 = 8.375 lb
ポンドからキログラムへ
m = 8.375/2.2 = 3.807 ≈ 3.81 kg
答え
m = 3.81 kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 16.7 mcg/min
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
20·10 = 200 mg
体積
V = (200/40)·1 = 5 mL
答え
V = 5 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 50 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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