A dying patient has noisy, rattling breathing that is upsetting the family. Which nursing action helps?
AGive large volumes of oral fluids
BTell the family it means the patient is choking and needs help
CStart deep suction every 10 minutes
DReposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient's potassium result is 6.8 mmol/L (6.8 mEq/L). Why is this urgent?
AIt is normal for patients after surgery
BHigh potassium causes only mild muscle cramps that settle without treatment
CIt means the patient urgently needs more potassium
DVery high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A nurse cleans an IV pump with a disinfectant wipe. What must happen for the disinfectant to work?
AThe wipe is used on many pumps to save product
BThe surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
CThe surface is dried with a clean towel right after wiping
DThe surface is wiped once lightly without pressure
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
患者にハイリスク薬が持続注入で投与されています。申し送りのとき、最も安全な実践はどれですか?
A速度だけを確認し、薬や濃度は確認しない
B勤務を始める看護師が、勤務の終わりに確認する
C勤務を終える看護師が、詰所で「ポンプは問題ありません」と言う
D両方の看護師が、ポンプとバッグを処方と照らし合わせて確認する
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse gives IV morphine for severe pain. When should the nurse reassess the pain and sedation?
AWithin about 15–30 minutes
BOnly when the patient asks for more
CAt the end of the shift
DAt the next routine round in four hours
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient was knocked out briefly in a fall, then woke and talked normally. Two hours later the patient becomes drowsy and one pupil is larger. What is the most likely cause?
AA mild concussion that is settling
BLow blood sugar from missing a meal
CNormal tiredness after a fall
DAn epidural hematoma
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which statement about storing insulin is correct?
AAll insulin should be stored in the freezer to keep it fresh
BUnopened insulin is kept in the fridge and must not be frozen
A patient with suspected pulmonary TB needs sputum samples for acid-fast bacilli. Which instruction is correct?
AGive one sample of saliva collected from the mouth at any time of day
BGive several deep-cough samples, often first thing in the morning
CGive several samples of nasal mucus blown into a tissue
DGive one sample after brushing with mouthwash so it is clean
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with kidney stones and fatigue has a calcium of 11.6 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L), a high parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a low phosphate. Which condition is most likely?
ACancer-related hypercalcemia
BPrimary hyperparathyroidism
CVitamin D deficiency
DHypoparathyroidism
11.薬理学ふつう
Which patient should usually not receive a live vaccine?
AA healthy 1-year-old child
BA patient with mild seasonal allergies
CA patient receiving chemotherapy for leukaemia
DA healthy adult nurse who works on a children's ward
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient receives high-dose IV aciclovir for herpes encephalitis. Which nursing action reduces the main risk to the kidneys?
AKeep the patient well hydrated and give the infusion slowly
BGive the infusion as a rapid push
CRestrict oral and IV fluids to prevent brain swelling
After two days of large volumes of IV 5% glucose, a postoperative patient becomes confused with a headache. Sodium is 124 mmol/L. What is the likely cause?
答え: D · Reposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
これが答えになる理由
Noisy "death rattle" breathing comes from secretions in the throat and is not usually distressing to the patient. Repositioning, explanation and sometimes medicines help; deep suction is usually avoided.
答え
D · Reposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Severe hyperkalaemia can cause cardiac arrest. The result is escalated at once; an ECG and treatment follow, and a repeat sample checks whether the result was falsely raised.
答え
D · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · The surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
これが答えになる理由
Each disinfectant has a contact (dwell) time during which the surface must stay visibly wet. Drying it early or spreading one wipe over many items reduces its effect.
答え
B · The surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
IV opioids act within minutes, so the nurse reassesses pain, sedation and breathing within about 15–30 minutes. Oral analgesics are usually reassessed later, after about an hour.
答え
A · Within about 15–30 minutes
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · An epidural hematoma
これが答えになる理由
An epidural hematoma often causes a brief loss of consciousness, a lucid interval, then rapid deterioration as arterial bleeding compresses the brain. It is a neurosurgical emergency.
答え
D · An epidural hematoma
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge and must not be frozen
これが答えになる理由
Unopened insulin is refrigerated; in-use pens or vials are usually kept at room temperature for a limited time stated by the manufacturer. Frozen or overheated insulin must be discarded.
答え
B · Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge and must not be frozen
答え: B · Give several deep-cough samples, often first thing in the morning
これが答えになる理由
Usually a series of three sputum samples is collected, at least one in the early morning, when secretions have pooled overnight. The patient rinses with water (not mouthwash), takes deep breaths and coughs deeply to bring up sputum, not saliva. Airborne precautions are used.確認に用いた資料:Sputum Culture · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB) Tests · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · Give several deep-cough samples, often first thing in the morning
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Primary hyperparathyroidism
これが答えになる理由
In primary hyperparathyroidism, usually from an adenoma, PTH is high despite high calcium, and phosphate is low because PTH increases its excretion. Cancer-related hypercalcemia typically has a suppressed PTH.確認に用いた資料:Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Hyperparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
B · Primary hyperparathyroidism
11.薬理学
答え: C · A patient receiving chemotherapy for leukaemia
これが答えになる理由
Live attenuated vaccines can cause serious infection in immunosuppressed people and are generally avoided in pregnancy. Inactivated vaccines are safe but may give a weaker response.
答え
C · A patient receiving chemotherapy for leukaemia
12.薬理学
答え: A · Keep the patient well hydrated and give the infusion slowly
これが答えになる理由
Aciclovir can crystallise in the tubules and cause acute kidney injury. Good hydration, slow infusion and monitoring of kidney function reduce this risk.
答え
A · Keep the patient well hydrated and give the infusion slowly
答え: D · Insulin moves potassium into cells; glucose prevents a hypo
これが答えになる理由
Insulin activates the sodium–potassium pump, moving potassium into cells and lowering the serum level within about 15–30 minutes. Glucose is given to prevent hypoglycaemia. The effect is temporary, so potassium must also be removed.
答え
D · Insulin moves potassium into cells; glucose prevents a hypo
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
これが答えになる理由
Patients usually cannot feel pain below the injury, so pain cannot warn them of pressure damage. They need daily skin checks, often with a mirror, regular pressure relief and good skin hygiene.
答え
C · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
Once the glucose is metabolised, 5% glucose acts as free water. Surgical stress increases ADH, so sodium falls, which can cause cerebral oedema. The team reviews fluids and corrects sodium carefully.
答え: B · Never leave a young child alone with a dog, even the family pet
これが答えになる理由
Most dog bites to young children are from familiar dogs, often to the face. Constant supervision, teaching children not to disturb dogs that are eating or sleeping and not to hug or stare at dogs reduces the risk.
答え
B · Never leave a young child alone with a dog, even the family pet
22.小児看護
答え: C · Semi-upright, with the head and chest raised
これが答えになる理由
A semi-upright position lowers the pressure of abdominal organs on the diaphragm and eases breathing. Raising the legs would increase venous return and may worsen pulmonary congestion.
答え: B · "Once I've given the naloxone, I don't need to call an ambulance."
これが答えになる理由
Naloxone is short-acting, so the opioid effect can return. Emergency services must always be called, and the person must be watched until help arrives.
答え
B · "Once I've given the naloxone, I don't need to call an ambulance."
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 98.1 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
36.7·9/5 = 66.06
32を足す
T = 66.06 + 32 = 98.06 ≈ 98.1 °F
答え
T = 98.1 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 300 mL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1 tbsp = 1·15 = 15 mL
全投与期間
V = 15 mL × 2/日 × 10 = 300 mL
答え
V = 300 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 75 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
20·15 = 300 mg
1 回あたり
D = 300/4 = 75 mg
答え
D = 75 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 12.5 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
40000/500 = 80 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 1000/80 = 12.5 mL/h
答え
R = 12.5 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 52.22 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
これは独自の練習教材です。ExamProblems はこの試験を実施する団体とは提携しておらず、その承認も受けていません。試験名は内容を説明するためにのみ使用しています。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN®はthe National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN)の商標です。同団体はExamProblemsと提携しておらず、推奨も正確性の保証もしていません。