Which room lighting is safest at night for a patient at high risk of falls?
AA low night light that lights the path to the bathroom
BBright overhead lights left on all night in the room
CComplete darkness so the patient sleeps more deeply
DOnly the light from the television screen
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
窒息のリスクがある意識清明な患者に、経口薬を与えています。最も安全な実践はどれですか?
A時間を節約するため、すべての錠剤を一度に与える
B許可されているか確認せずに、すべての錠剤を砕く
C患者を座位にして、錠剤を1錠ずつ与える
D飲み込みやすいよう、患者を仰臥位に寝かせる
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient with angina is taught to use sublingual nitroglycerin (GTN). Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will take five tablets one after the other before I call for help.”
B“I will carry the tablets with me when I go out.”
C“If the pain has not eased as my action plan says, I will call emergency services.”
D“I will sit or lie down when I take a tablet.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient was knocked out briefly in a fall, then woke and talked normally. Two hours later the patient becomes drowsy and one pupil is larger. What is the most likely cause?
ANormal tiredness after a fall
BA mild concussion that is settling
CAn epidural hematoma
DLow blood sugar from missing a meal
7.臨床看護学ふつう
β遮断薬を投与する前に確認すべき最も重要な観察項目は?
A体温だけ
B心拍数と血圧
C排便
D血糖だけ
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why are liquid medicines for nasogastric tubes drawn up in dedicated enteral (oral) syringes rather than IV syringes?
ATo prevent accidental intravenous administration
BIV syringes cannot hold liquid medicines
CEnteral syringes keep the medicine sterile
DEnteral syringes measure doses less accurately
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
患者のリチウム濃度を上げる可能性が最も高い要因はどれですか?
A暑い天候のときに、普段より多く水分をとること
B脱水、またはナトリウム摂取量の急な減少
C各用量を、食前ではなく食事とともに服用すること
D数日間、普段より塩分を多くとること
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with acute kidney injury has a potassium of 6.8 mEq/L despite medical treatment, a pH of 7.12 and pulmonary edema not responding to diuretics. Which treatment is most likely needed?
AUrgent dialysis
BMore oral fluid
CA potassium supplement
DAn IV magnesium dose
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient is starting lamotrigine. Which adverse effect should the patient report at once?
AMild headache on the first day
BAny new skin rash
CSlight tiredness in the afternoon
DA brief change in taste
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient who used cocaine has chest pain, agitation, a high temperature, sweating, tachycardia and dilated pupils. Which drug class is commonly first-line for the agitation and sympathetic overactivity?
ABenzodiazepines
BAnticholinergic drugs
CAntihistamines
DOpioid antagonists
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
The telemetry monitor suddenly shows a chaotic waveform resembling ventricular fibrillation, but the patient is talking and brushing their teeth. What should the nurse do first?
ADeliver an immediate defibrillation shock before checking anything
BStart chest compressions straight away and call the arrest team
CCheck the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
DGive IV amiodarone as a bolus
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
As the defibrillator charges, a nurse sees a colleague still holding the patient's bed rail. What should the nurse do?
ACall clearly for everyone to stand clear and check before the shock
BTurn off the defibrillator and start a new cycle of CPR
CDeliver the shock now, as the bed rail is not part of the patient
DAsk the colleague to hold the patient's hand instead
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
グラルギンなどの持効型基礎インスリンについて正しい記述はどれですか?
A炭水化物をカバーするため、大きな食事の後にのみ投与する
B1型糖尿病では、食事をとらないときでも続ける
C超速効型インスリンと同じ注射器で混ぜる
D注射の約30分後に、鋭い作用のピークがある
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
1型糖尿病の患者が、明日の手術のために絶飲食です。最も安全な計画はどれですか?
A血糖チェックを行いながら、インスリン(基礎または速度可変の静注)を一部続ける
B患者が普通に飲食できるようになるまで、すべてのインスリンを中止する
C夜間に尿ケトンが強陽性になったときだけ、インスリンを投与する
D食事をとらないのに、通常の食事時のインスリンを投与する
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which change suggests that a burn wound is becoming infected?
AA partial-thickness burn becoming deeper, with new discolouration
BDry, healing skin with mild itching
CLess exudate on each dressing change
DThe wound becoming pink and a little smaller at each dressing change
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A few hours after thyroid surgery, a patient's neck swells rapidly and they become short of breath with stridor. What is most likely?
AAn allergy to the wound dressing
BNormal swelling after neck surgery
CLow blood calcium from the surgery
DA haematoma pressing on the airway
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Why is indomethacin generally not used as a tocolytic after about 32 weeks?
AIt can close the fetal ductus arteriosus too early
BIt stimulates stronger contractions late in pregnancy
CIt triggers maternal hypoglycaemia
DIt causes severe maternal hypertension
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A newborn's left foot is turned inward and downward and cannot be moved to a normal position. What should the nurse tell the parents?
AIt is caused by a lack of vitamin D
BIt is normal positioning in the uterus and needs no follow-up
CSurgery is needed within the first day
DIt suggests clubfoot, treated early with casting
21.小児看護ふつう
Why do young children with sickle cell disease usually take daily penicillin?
APenicillin prevents pain crises in cold weather
BSickle cells make the child allergic to most other antibiotics
CPoor spleen function puts them at high risk of pneumococcal infection
DPenicillin stops red cells from changing shape
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which practice most reduces the risk of errors with high-alert medicines such as insulin or opioid infusions in children?
ARounding doses up to the nearest whole number to keep things simple
BChecking the dose only when the drug is given for the first time
CAsking the child's parent to look at the syringe and confirm that the dose looks right
DAn independent double check by a second nurse before giving the medicine
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient says, "Nobody at work likes me." Which nurse response best reflects cognitive restructuring?
A"You should find a new job where people like you."
B"What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
C"I'm sure everybody likes you."
D"Why do you care what people at work think?"
24.精神看護むずかしい
A child has been admitted several times with unexplained fevers that only happen when her mother is present. Staff see the mother tampering with the child's IV line. What is the priority action?
AEnsure the child's safety and follow child protection procedures
BDiscuss the matter with the mother alone and ask her to stop
CDocument the event carefully in the notes and wait to see whether it happens again before telling anyone else
DDischarge the child home with the mother as soon as possible
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の体温は 38.1 °C です。°F = °C × 9/5 + 32 を使って華氏 T に換算してください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
38.1 °C
T = °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 63 kg の患者に対する指示は 2.5 mcg/kg/min です。この投与速度 D を mg/h で表してください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
2.5 mcg/kg/min63 kg
D = mg/h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 70 kg です。指示量は 1 日 25 mg/kg で、2 回に等分して投与します。1 回あたり何 mg D 投与しますか?
70 kg25 mg/kg/日2× 1 日あたり
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 28 kg の子どもに、5 mL 中に 200 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 15 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか?
28 kg15 mg/kg200 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
点滴が 20 滴/mL のセットで 20 滴/分で落ちています。患者は 2 時間に何ミリリットル V 受け取りますか?
20 gtt/min20 gtt/mL2 h
V = mL
30.点滴速度むずかしい
薬剤 1000 mg を 500 mL に希釈し、60 滴/mL のセットで自然落下で投与します。指示は 1 時間あたり 150 mg です。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1000 mg/500 mL150 mg/h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 練習用プロトコルでは、体重 78 kg の患者にヘパリン 80 単位/kg をボーラス投与することになっています。バイアルは 5 000 単位/mL です。何 mL V 吸い上げますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
80 個/kg78 kg5 000 個/mL
V = mL
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 250 mg を 250 mL に溶かしたdobutamineの輸液が 10 mL/h で投与されています。患者の体重は 110 kg です。患者は何 mcg/kg/min の投与量 D を受けていますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
250 mg/250 mL10 mL/h110 kg
D = mcg/kg/min
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。
Drops go into the lower conjunctival sac, which is less sensitive than the cornea. Pressing gently on the inner corner afterwards reduces drainage into the nose.
答え: A · A low night light that lights the path to the bathroom
これが答えになる理由
A night light lets the patient see obstacles and the way to the bathroom without disturbing sleep. Many falls happen in the dark on the way to the toilet.
答え
A · A low night light that lights the path to the bathroom
答え: A · “I will take five tablets one after the other before I call for help.”
これが答えになる理由
Action plans differ slightly: US guidance says to call emergency services if pain is not better 5 minutes after the first dose, while UK guidance allows a second dose after 5 minutes and a 999 call if pain persists 5 minutes later. Taking many doses in a row delays care and can cause severe hypotension.
答え
A · “I will take five tablets one after the other before I call for help.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · An epidural hematoma
これが答えになる理由
An epidural hematoma often causes a brief loss of consciousness, a lucid interval, then rapid deterioration as arterial bleeding compresses the brain. It is a neurosurgical emergency.
答え: A · To prevent accidental intravenous administration
これが答えになる理由
Giving an oral or enteral medicine intravenously can be fatal. Enteral syringes with non-IV connectors, such as ENFit, make this wrong-route error much less likely.
答え
A · To prevent accidental intravenous administration
Indications for urgent dialysis in AKI include refractory hyperkalemia, severe metabolic acidosis, fluid overload not responding to diuretics, uremic complications and some poisonings. This patient has three of them.確認に用いた資料:Acute tubular necrosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Urgent dialysis
11.薬理学
答え: B · Any new skin rash
これが答えになる理由
Lamotrigine can cause serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome. The dose is increased slowly, especially with valproate, and any rash must be assessed promptly.
答え
B · Any new skin rash
12.薬理学
答え: A · Benzodiazepines
これが答えになる理由
Cocaine causes a sympathomimetic toxidrome. Benzodiazepines reduce agitation, tachycardia, hypertension and hyperthermia, while cooling and cardiac monitoring are also given.
答え
A · Benzodiazepines
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
これが答えになる理由
Movement, loose electrodes and muscle activity can create artefact that looks like VF. A conscious, talking patient cannot be in VF. The nurse assesses the patient and checks the leads and electrodes, then reattaches them if needed.
答え
C · Check the patient and the electrodes, as this is likely artefact
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Call clearly for everyone to stand clear and check before the shock
これが答えになる理由
Before every shock, the operator states a clear warning, checks that nobody is touching the patient or bed and that oxygen is moved away from the chest. Compressions continue during charging in many protocols, then everyone stands clear for the shock. Touching the bed can conduct current to staff.
答え
A · Call clearly for everyone to stand clear and check before the shock
答え: A · A partial-thickness burn becoming deeper, with new discolouration
これが答えになる理由
Signs of burn wound infection include conversion to a deeper burn, new dark or green discolouration, increasing pain, offensive exudate, spreading redness and systemic signs such as fever or tachycardia.
答え
A · A partial-thickness burn becoming deeper, with new discolouration
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · A haematoma pressing on the airway
これが答えになる理由
A haematoma after thyroid or neck surgery can compress the airway quickly. It is an emergency: call for help, sit the patient up and give oxygen, and follow local guidance on opening the wound to release the clot.
答え
D · A haematoma pressing on the airway
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · It can close the fetal ductus arteriosus too early
これが答えになる理由
Indomethacin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. In the fetus this can cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and reduced fetal urine output with oligohydramnios, risks that increase with gestational age.
答え
A · It can close the fetal ductus arteriosus too early
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · It suggests clubfoot, treated early with casting
これが答えになる理由
A fixed foot that cannot be brought to neutral suggests congenital talipes equinovarus. Gentle casting and bracing (the Ponseti method) usually start in the first weeks. A positional foot that corrects easily is common and benign.
答え
D · It suggests clubfoot, treated early with casting
21.小児看護
答え: C · Poor spleen function puts them at high risk of pneumococcal infection
これが答えになる理由
Repeated sickling damages the spleen early in life, making children vulnerable to encapsulated bacteria such as pneumococcus. Daily penicillin prophylaxis and full vaccination greatly reduce the risk of life-threatening infection.
答え
C · Poor spleen function puts them at high risk of pneumococcal infection
22.小児看護
答え: D · An independent double check by a second nurse before giving the medicine
これが答えになる理由
Paediatric doses are individualised and often very small, so tenfold errors are a real risk. Independent double checks of the calculation, dose and pump settings for high-alert medicines are a key safety measure.
答え
D · An independent double check by a second nurse before giving the medicine
23.精神看護
答え: B · "What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
これが答えになる理由
Cognitive restructuring helps the patient examine the evidence for and against a negative automatic thought, then develop a more balanced view. Reassurance or advice does not help the patient learn this skill.
答え
B · "What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
24.精神看護
答え: A · Ensure the child's safety and follow child protection procedures
これが答えになる理由
This suggests factitious disorder imposed on another, which is a form of child abuse. The nurse protects the child and reports through safeguarding procedures. Confronting the parent alone can increase the risk to the child.
答え
A · Ensure the child's safety and follow child protection procedures
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 100.6 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
38.1·9/5 = 68.58
32を足す
T = 68.58 + 32 = 100.6 °F
答え
T = 100.6 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 9.45 mg/h
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 2.5 mcg/kg/min × 63 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 2.5·63·60/1000 = 9.45 mg/h
答え
D = 9.45 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 875 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
25·70 = 1750 mg
1 回あたり
D = 1750/2 = 875 mg
答え
D = 875 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 10.5 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
15·28 = 420 mg
体積
V = (420/200)·5 = 10.5 mL
答え
V = 10.5 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 120 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
20·60/20 = 60 mL/h
体積
V = 60·2 = 120 mL
答え
V = 120 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 75 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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