When should the transparent dressing over a peripheral IV site be changed?
AOnly when the patient asks for a new dressing
BEvery hour, so the site can be cleaned again
CWhen it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
DOnly when the IV catheter is removed, whatever its state
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A toddler has bruises of different ages and a burn, and the parent’s explanation does not fit the injuries. What should the nurse do?
AConfront the parent and ask them to admit to abuse
BWait until there is clear proof of abuse before reporting anything at all
CDocument only and say nothing to anyone
DReport the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient wants to leave the hospital against medical advice. What should the nurse do?
ALet the patient leave without telling anyone
BInform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
CLock the door so the patient cannot leave the unit
DHide the patient’s clothes and belongings until the provider arrives
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with major depression has been withdrawn for weeks but is suddenly calm and cheerful and gives away her belongings. What should the nurse suspect?
AThat she is getting ready for discharge as planned
BA side effect of her antidepressant medicine that needs no special action
CA full recovery, so observation can be reduced
DA raised risk of suicide, because she may have made a decision
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which factor is most likely to slow wound healing?
AGood blood glucose control
BAdequate fluid intake
CSmoking
DA diet rich in protein
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient with hypertension about their medicines. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll have my blood pressure checked regularly."
B"I'll get up slowly from sitting."
C"I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
D"I'll keep taking my tablets even if I feel well."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A test has very high sensitivity for a disease. What does a negative result mean?
AThe disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
BThe disease is certain, so treatment should begin
CThe result cannot be used, because sensitivity is high
DThe patient must have a different disease instead
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
Which patient should the nurse assess first?
AChest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
BStable angina with a total cholesterol of 245 mg/dL (6.3 mmol/L)
CHypertension with a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L on a thiazide
DHeart failure with a BNP lower than the result on admission
11.薬理学ふつう
Which group of signs suggests opioid withdrawal?
APinpoint pupils, slow breathing and drowsiness
BConstipation, itching and a slow heart rate
CYawning, runny nose, sweating, dilated pupils and diarrhoea
DDry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision and confusion
12.薬理学むずかしい
狭心症に硝酸薬を使っている患者にシルデナフィルが禁忌なのはなぜですか?
Aシルデナフィルが血管内で硝酸薬から一酸化窒素への変換を遮断するから
B組み合わせると危険な高カリウム血症を起こすから
Cどちらも血管平滑筋の cGMP を上げ、重い低血圧を起こしうるから
D硝酸薬が肝臓でのシルデナフィルの代謝を遮断するから
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why is pyridoxine (vitamin B6) often given with isoniazid?
ATo prevent orange discolouration of urine
BTo prevent peripheral neuropathy
CTo prevent loss of colour vision
DTo prevent gout attacks
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
During a thrombolytic infusion for an MI, the patient develops a sudden severe headache, vomiting and new confusion. What should the nurse do first?
AGive a second dose to finish the treatment
BContinue the infusion, as headache is a common side effect
CStop the infusion and call for urgent medical help
DSlow the infusion and give an antiemetic
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which group of drugs is a well-known cause of SIADH and hyponatraemia, especially in older people?
ASSRI antidepressants
BPenicillin antibiotics
CProton pump inhibitors
DBulk-forming laxatives
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient is being assessed for brain death (brainstem death). Which condition must be excluded before testing?
AA haemoglobin of 110 g/L (11 g/dL)
BA previous episode of migraine
CA history of high blood pressure
DEffects of sedative drugs or severe hypothermia
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which nursing care helps a new skin graft take?
AEncouraging the patient to exercise the area straight away
BKeeping the area still and avoiding shearing forces
CRemoving the dressing every hour to look at it
DMassaging the graft firmly several times a day
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient has an implanted port for chemotherapy. Which needle is used to access it?
AA standard hollow needle used for venepuncture
BAn intramuscular injection needle
CA non-coring (Huber) needle
DA wide-bore cannula with a steel stylet
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which finding on day 4 after a caesarean suggests a wound infection?
AMild numbness of the skin near the scar
BMild tenderness without redness
CA closed incision with intact edges
DRedness, warmth and discharge
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
看護学生が、黄疸で光線療法を受けている新生児のケアをしています。是正が必要な行動はどれですか?
Aライトを点ける前に、皮膚にベビーオイルを塗る
Bライトを消した授乳中に、アイシールドを外す
C光線療法中、アイシールドで赤ちゃんの目を覆う
D赤ちゃんの体温と水分状態を定期的に確認する
21.小児看護ふつう
鎌状赤血球症の血管閉塞発作(疼痛発作)の管理で中心となる対応はどれですか?
A鎮痛薬を使わない厳格な安静
B鉄剤
C補液、効果的な鎮痛、子どもが低酸素なら酸素投与
D腎臓を守るための水分制限と、痛みのある部位への冷罨法
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child with extensive burns is receiving IV fluid resuscitation. Which finding best shows that fluid replacement is adequate?
AThe blood pressure is in the high range
BThe burned skin looks less red and the blisters are smaller
A dressing that is wet, loose or dirty no longer protects the insertion site and is changed using aseptic technique. Otherwise, it is changed according to policy.
答え
C · When it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
これが答えになる理由
Injuries that do not match the history must be reported, and proof is not needed. In the US, nurses are legally mandated reporters; in the UK and many other countries, safeguarding procedures require the concern to be referred to the designated lead or children’s social care. The child’s safety is ensured and the findings are documented factually.
答え
D · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Inform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
これが答えになる理由
A competent adult has the right to leave. The nurse informs the provider, makes sure the patient understands the risks and documents it; holding the patient against their will may be false imprisonment.
答え
B · Inform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · A raised risk of suicide, because she may have made a decision
これが答えになる理由
A sudden lift in mood with giving away belongings can mean the patient has decided to end her life. The nurse asks directly about suicidal thoughts and keeps her safe.
答え
D · A raised risk of suicide, because she may have made a decision
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Smoking
これが答えになる理由
Smoking causes vasoconstriction and reduces tissue oxygen, slowing healing and increasing infection risk. Poor nutrition, diabetes, infection and steroids also impair healing.
答え
C · Smoking
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · "I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
これが答えになる理由
Hypertension usually needs long-term treatment; stopping because readings are normal often makes blood pressure rise again. Patients should discuss any changes with their prescriber.
答え
C · "I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
これが答えになる理由
Sensitivity is the proportion of people with the disease who test positive. A highly sensitive test has few false negatives, so a negative result helps rule the disease out (the D-dimer is an example). Specificity relates to ruling in.
答え
A · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
これが答えになる理由
A rising troponin with chest pain indicates acute myocardial injury, possibly infarction, which needs urgent assessment and treatment. High cholesterol is a long-term risk, a falling BNP shows improvement, and a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L is normal.確認に用いた資料:Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答え
A · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
11.薬理学
答え: C · Yawning, runny nose, sweating, dilated pupils and diarrhoea
これが答えになる理由
Opioid withdrawal causes rhinorrhoea, lacrimation, yawning, sweating, mydriasis, cramps, diarrhoea and anxiety. It is very unpleasant but rarely life-threatening in healthy adults.
答え
C · Yawning, runny nose, sweating, dilated pupils and diarrhoea
Isoniazid increases pyridoxine loss, which can cause peripheral neuropathy, especially in people with diabetes, alcohol dependence, malnutrition or HIV. Pyridoxine prevents this. Isoniazid can also cause hepatitis. Ethambutol affects vision; pyrazinamide can cause gout.
答え
B · To prevent peripheral neuropathy
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Stop the infusion and call for urgent medical help
これが答えになる理由
Sudden neurological change during or after thrombolysis suggests intracranial haemorrhage. The infusion is stopped immediately, help is called, and urgent CT and reversal are considered. Neurological observations continue.
答え
C · Stop the infusion and call for urgent medical help
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · SSRI antidepressants
これが答えになる理由
SSRIs such as sertraline and citalopram can cause SIADH, particularly in older adults. Carbamazepine, some antipsychotics and some chemotherapy drugs are other causes. Sodium is checked if symptoms appear.
答え
A · SSRI antidepressants
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Effects of sedative drugs or severe hypothermia
これが答えになる理由
Before brain death (brainstem) testing, reversible causes of coma must be excluded, including sedatives and neuromuscular blockers, hypothermia, and severe metabolic or endocrine disturbance. Only then can absent reflexes be interpreted reliably.
答え
D · Effects of sedative drugs or severe hypothermia
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Keeping the area still and avoiding shearing forces
これが答えになる理由
Grafts need close contact with the wound bed to gain a new blood supply. Immobilisation, careful dressings and avoiding friction, shearing and collections under the graft help it take.
答え
B · Keeping the area still and avoiding shearing forces
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · A non-coring (Huber) needle
これが答えになる理由
Implanted ports have a silicone septum that reseals after access with a non-coring needle. Aseptic technique, checking blood return before use and flushing according to policy keep the device working safely.
答え
C · A non-coring (Huber) needle
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Redness, warmth and discharge
これが答えになる理由
Redness spreading from the incision, warmth, swelling, purulent discharge, gaping edges and fever suggest infection. Numbness near the scar is common and not a sign of infection.
Urine output, usually measured by catheter, is the main guide to fluid resuscitation in burns. In children, an output of about 1 mL/kg/hour suggests adequate perfusion; fluids are adjusted to keep it in the target range.
答え
C · A urine output of about 1 mL/kg per hour
23.精神看護
答え: B · 法律で特に制限されたものを除いて権利は保持され、権利について知らされなければならない
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 8 mcg/kg/min × 70 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 8·70·60/1000 = 33.6 mg/h
答え
D = 33.6 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 180 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
30·18 = 540 mg
1 回あたり
D = 540/3 = 180 mg
答え
D = 180 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 14.6 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
12.5·28 = 350 mg
体積
V = (350/120)·5 = 14.58 ≈ 14.6 mL
答え
V = 14.6 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 50 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
150/60 = 2.5 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 2.5·20 = 50 gtt/min
答え
R = 50 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: D = 66.67 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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