A dying patient is no longer drinking and breathes through the mouth. What mouth care is most appropriate?
AClean the mouth only once a day with a hard toothbrush
BAvoid mouth care so the patient is not disturbed
CGive large drinks of water every hour
DKeep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient who had a GCS of 15 this morning now opens their eyes only to voice and is confused. What should the nurse do?
ATreat it as deterioration and escalate urgently
BRecord it and recheck at the next routine time
CGive a sedative to calm the confusion
DLet the patient sleep, as they are probably tired
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which technique is used for suctioning a tracheostomy in hospital?
AClean technique, reusing the catheter during the shift
BNo gloves at all, because the airway already contains bacteria
CSterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
DClean technique, with the catheter rinsed in tap water
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient weighs 180 kg and needs to be moved from bed to chair. The standard ceiling lift on the unit has a lower weight limit. What should the nurse do?
AUse the standard lift, because limits include a safety margin
BUse bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
CHave two staff lift the patient by hand
DAsk the patient to stand and pivot without help
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient with a valid do-not-resuscitate order (DNR; called DNACPR in the UK) stops breathing and has no pulse. What should the nurse do?
ACall the cardiac arrest team and let them decide
BStart CPR and stop when the family arrives
CFollow the DNR order and do not start CPR
DStart chest compressions but not rescue breaths
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
An older patient with heart failure is receiving a second unit of blood. She becomes breathless, with crackles in both lungs and a rising blood pressure. What is most likely happening?
Why must blood samples for a cross-match be labelled at the bedside immediately after they are taken?
ATo prevent "wrong blood in tube" errors that can cause fatal reactions
BTo speed up the laboratory's computer system and reduce the waiting time
CTo let the patient sign the label
DTo keep the sample warm so the cells do not break down in transit
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient has a hot, swollen big toe. The serum uric acid is normal. Which statement is correct?
AGout is still possible, as urate can be normal in an attack
BGout is ruled out, as uric acid is always high in an attack
CGout can only be diagnosed with a CT scan of the foot
DGout is certain, as a normal urate proves the diagnosis
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate has a respiratory rate of 9/min and absent patellar reflexes. After stopping the infusion, which medication should the nurse expect to give?
AProtamine sulfate
BPotassium chloride
CCalcium gluconate
DSodium bicarbonate
11.薬理学ふつう
クロピドグレルはどのように血小板凝集を抑えますか?
A血小板の COX-1 を阻害する
B糖タンパク質 IIb/IIIa 受容体を直接遮断する
Cアンチトロンビンを活性化する
D血小板の ADP 受容体 P2Y12 を遮断する
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on digoxin is started on amiodarone. What change should the nurse expect?
ADigoxin levels fall sharply, so the digoxin dose is doubled
BDigoxin levels rise, so the digoxin dose is often reduced
答え: D · Keep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care
これが答えになる理由
Frequent gentle mouth care with moist swabs, water sprays and lip balm keeps the patient comfortable. Forcing fluids risks choking and aspiration.
答え
D · Keep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Treat it as deterioration and escalate urgently
これが答えになる理由
The score has dropped to about 13. Any new fall in consciousness or new confusion needs urgent escalation, a full ABCDE assessment and a check of glucose.
答え
A · Treat it as deterioration and escalate urgently
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
これが答えになる理由
In hospital, tracheal suctioning uses sterile technique to avoid introducing organisms into the lower airway. Clean technique may be taught for long-term home care, according to policy.
答え
C · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Use bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
これが答えになる理由
Using equipment above its rated capacity can cause collapse and injury. Bariatric lifts, chairs and beds are used, with enough trained staff and a plan agreed in advance.
答え
B · Use bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Follow the DNR order and do not start CPR
これが答えになる理由
A valid DNR order means CPR is not started. The nurse keeps the patient comfortable, informs the provider and supports the family.
答え
C · Follow the DNR order and do not start CPR
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Transfusion-associated circulatory overload
これが答えになる理由
Breathlessness, crackles and hypertension during a transfusion in a patient with heart failure suggest circulatory overload. The nurse stops the transfusion, sits the patient up, gives oxygen as prescribed and informs the provider, who may prescribe a diuretic.
答え: A · To prevent "wrong blood in tube" errors that can cause fatal reactions
これが答えになる理由
A sample labelled with the wrong patient's details can lead to incompatible blood being issued. Labelling at the bedside after positive identification is a key transfusion safety step.
答え
A · To prevent "wrong blood in tube" errors that can cause fatal reactions
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Gout is still possible, as urate can be normal in an attack
これが答えになる理由
Serum urate can be normal or even low during an acute gout attack. The definitive test is joint aspiration showing needle-shaped urate crystals, which also helps rule out septic arthritis.確認に用いた資料:Gout · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Synovial Fluid Analysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
A · Gout is still possible, as urate can be normal in an attack
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Calcium gluconate
これが答えになる理由
Absent reflexes and slow breathing indicate magnesium toxicity. The infusion is stopped, the provider is called, the airway and breathing are supported, and IV calcium gluconate is given as prescribed to counteract magnesium.
答え: B · Digoxin levels rise, so the digoxin dose is often reduced
これが答えになる理由
Amiodarone inhibits P-glycoprotein and reduces digoxin clearance, so digoxin levels rise. The digoxin dose is often reduced, and the patient is monitored for bradycardia and toxicity; amiodarone also raises warfarin levels.
答え
B · Digoxin levels rise, so the digoxin dose is often reduced
答え: B · Stop smoking and do not fly until a doctor confirms full resolution
これが答えになる理由
Patients should not fly until the pneumothorax has resolved on X-ray, often with an extra waiting period. Diving is usually avoided permanently unless definitive surgery has been done. Smoking increases recurrence, which is common, so patients learn to seek help for new breathlessness or chest pain.
答え
B · Stop smoking and do not fly until a doctor confirms full resolution
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · A weight gain of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in two days with ankle swelling
これが答えになる理由
Rapid weight gain reflects fluid retention. Oedema, breathlessness, crackles in the lungs and a raised blood pressure are other signs. Daily weights are a simple and reliable way to track fluid balance.
答え
D · A weight gain of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in two days with ankle swelling
答え: B · Frequent, gentle moistening of the mouth and lips
これが答えになる理由
Regular gentle mouth care with water or saliva substitutes and lip balm relieves dryness and discomfort. Lemon and glycerine swabs can dry the mouth further. Families can be involved if they wish.
答え
B · Frequent, gentle moistening of the mouth and lips
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Escalate urgently, as immune-related colitis is likely
これが答えになる理由
Severe diarrhoea on checkpoint inhibitors suggests immune-mediated colitis, which can perforate. It needs urgent assessment, infection testing and often high-dose steroids, not only antidiarrhoeals.
答え
D · Escalate urgently, as immune-related colitis is likely
Congenital CMV is a leading cause of non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss and can cause microcephaly and developmental delay. Hand hygiene after contact with young children's saliva and urine reduces the risk.
答え
B · Hearing loss and developmental delay
21.小児看護
答え: B · Jaundice, because the breakdown of the trapped blood adds to bilirubin
これが答えになる理由
A cephalohaematoma is a collection of blood under the periosteum. As the red cells break down, bilirubin rises, so these babies have a higher risk of jaundice. The swelling itself usually resolves over weeks without treatment.
答え
B · Jaundice, because the breakdown of the trapped blood adds to bilirubin
22.小児看護
答え: D · The two-thumb technique with the hands encircling the chest
これが答えになる理由
When two rescuers are present, the two-thumb technique with the hands encircling the chest is recommended for infants because it gives better compression depth and pressure. One or two hands on the lower sternum are used for older children.
答え
D · The two-thumb technique with the hands encircling the chest
23.精神看護
答え: C · The reason for it, alternatives tried, start and end times, and the observations made
これが答えになる理由
Documentation records the reason, alternatives tried, who authorised and carried out the restraint, when it started and ended, the observations made and any injuries. This supports safety and accountability.
答え
C · The reason for it, alternatives tried, start and end times, and the observations made
24.精神看護
答え: C · "I'm glad our talks help. All the staff here are working with you, and it's important that you can talk to them too."
これが答えになる理由
Accepting the role of the "only" helper encourages dependence and splitting. The nurse acknowledges the patient's feeling and encourages trust in the whole team, which keeps care consistent.
答え
C · "I'm glad our talks help. All the staff here are working with you, and it's important that you can talk to them too."
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 102.9 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
9/5を掛ける
39.4·9/5 = 70.92
32を足す
T = 70.92 + 32 = 102.9 °F
答え
T = 102.9 °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: N = 9
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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