Why are some patients screened with a nasal swab for MRSA on admission?
ATo find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used
BTo diagnose a sinus infection
CTo check whether the patient is allergic to penicillin before surgery
DTo measure the patient’s immunity to MRSA
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A competent adult patient with pneumonia wants to leave the hospital against medical advice. What should the nurse do?
AExplain the risks, notify the provider and follow the policy for leaving against advice
BApply wrist restraints until the provider arrives to speak with the patient
CHide the patient’s clothes and belongings so that they cannot leave the ward
DLock the doors so the patient cannot leave
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
The day after a total thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. What should the nurse do first?
ACheck for signs of low calcium and inform the provider
BReassure the patient that this is normal after neck surgery
CEncourage deep breaths into a paper bag until it passes
DGive the patient’s routine oral iron supplement early
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with raised intracranial pressure is being nursed on the ward. Which position is best?
AHead of the bed at about 30 degrees with the neck straight
BSitting forward with the chin on the chest
CFlat on the back with the head turned well over to one side
DHead down with the legs raised above the heart
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Why is blood pressure monitored closely in a patient with an epidural infusion?
AEpidurals always cause severe hypertension that needs regular treatment
BBlood pressure readings show whether the catheter is infected
CThe local anaesthetic can block sympathetic nerves and cause hypotension
DThe epidural pump uses the blood pressure to set the rate
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient is taught to self-inject low-molecular-weight heparin. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will rub the area firmly after the injection."
B"I will change the injection site each time."
C"I will inject into the fatty tissue of my abdomen."
D"I will report any unusual bleeding or bruising."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient taking phenazopyridine for bladder pain has bright orange urine. What should the nurse know about urine tests?
AThe color proves blood is present in the urine
BThe dye can interfere with dipstick color readings
CThe color shows severe liver failure is present
DThe drug improves the accuracy of all dipsticks
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with a serum albumin of 1.9 g/dL (19 g/L) has signs of phenytoin toxicity, although the total phenytoin level is in the usual range. What is the most likely explanation?
ALow albumin makes the liver clear phenytoin much faster
BLow albumin stops phenytoin from crossing into the brain
CLow albumin makes the total level falsely high in all cases
DLow albumin raises the free (active) fraction of phenytoin
11.薬理学ふつう
How should oral potassium chloride tablets be taken?
ALying down straight after the dose
BOn an empty stomach with only a small sip of water, then lie down
CCrushed and dissolved under the tongue
DWith food and plenty of water, swallowed whole if slow-release
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient taking azathioprine is prescribed allopurinol for gout. What is the main danger?
ASevere bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced
BLiver enzyme induction, making azathioprine ineffective
CGout becomes worse because allopurinol is inactivated by azathioprine
DSevere hypertension from the combination
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient's blood pressure is 120/60 mmHg. What is the approximate mean arterial pressure?
A80 mmHg
B90 mmHg
C100 mmHg
D60 mmHg
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion has a nosebleed that will not stop, and the aPTT is far above the target range. What is the most appropriate action?
AStop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
BGive vitamin K and continue the infusion at a slightly lower rate
CIncrease the infusion, as the aPTT will settle
DContinue the infusion at the same rate and pack the nose firmly
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
右半球の脳卒中の患者が、皿の左側にある食べ物を無視します。これは何と呼ばれますか?
A左半側空間無視
B小脳性運動失調
C嚥下障害
D表出性失語
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient on warfarin starts levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. What should the nurse expect to monitor more closely?
AThe urine output, because it may stop
BThe INR, because it may rise
CThe potassium, because it may rise
DThe blood glucose, because it may fall
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which lung problem is a known toxicity of bleomycin?
APneumothorax from coughing
BAsthma from pollen
CLung cancer within weeks
DPulmonary fibrosis
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with diabetes has a foot ulcer. A sterile probe touches bone at the base of the ulcer. What should the nurse suspect?
ASimple dry skin
BVenous insufficiency
COsteomyelitis
DA healing category 1 ulcer
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Why is tight glucose control before conception important in women with pre-existing diabetes?
AEarly hyperglycaemia raises the risk of birth defects
BIt prevents the need for any monitoring during pregnancy
CIt guarantees that the baby will be born at term
DIt prevents the mother from developing pre-eclampsia
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
妊娠 26 週の女性が、妊娠糖尿病と診断されたばかりです。管理の通常の第一歩は何ですか?
Aすべての炭水化物を断つ
B栄養指導、身体活動、血糖モニタリングを行い、目標に届かなければ薬物療法を行う
C血糖値にかかわらず、全員にただちにインスリンまたは経口スルホニル尿素薬を開始する
D出産後までフォローアップは不要である
21.小児看護ふつう
A 13-year-old with scoliosis has been prescribed a brace. Which teaching is most important?
AWear it only at weekends and in the holidays, when it does not interfere with school
BWear it for the prescribed hours each day, with a thin cotton shirt underneath
CWear it only when the back hurts, then take it off
DWear it over thick clothing to make it more comfortable
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 6-month-old has just learned to roll over. Which safety advice is most urgent now?
ATurn pan handles towards the back of the stove and fit a guard around the cooker
BTeach her not to touch the hot oven door
CNever leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
DInstall locks on all kitchen cupboards and drawers
23.精神看護ふつう
How should a patient with anorexia nervosa be weighed in hospital?
AAt a different time each day so that she cannot prepare for it
BOnly when she asks to be weighed, to respect her wishes
CIn her own clothes and shoes after breakfast, so that she feels more comfortable
DAt the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient asks, "Do you think I should divorce my husband?" Which response best supports the patient's autonomy?
A"Yes, I think you'd be happier without him."
B"You should ask your doctor what to do about it."
C"What are your thoughts about the options you have?"
D"No, divorce would only make things worse for you."
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 148 cm です。1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をインチで求めてください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
148 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 20:35 に始まり、翌朝の 08:05 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何分 t 続きましたか。
20:3508:05
t = min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 45 kg です。指示量は 1 日 15 mg/kg で、4 回に等分して投与します。1 回あたり何 mg D 投与しますか?
答え: A · To find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used
これが答えになる理由
Screening identifies people who are colonized with MRSA, often in the nose. Precautions and, in some cases, decolonization reduce spread and the risk of the patient’s own infection after surgery.
答え
A · To find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Explain the risks, notify the provider and follow the policy for leaving against advice
これが答えになる理由
Holding a competent adult against their will can be false imprisonment. The nurse explains the risks, informs the provider, asks the patient to sign the against-advice form if they agree and documents the discussion.
答え
A · Explain the risks, notify the provider and follow the policy for leaving against advice
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Check for signs of low calcium and inform the provider
これが答えになる理由
Damage to the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery can cause hypocalcemia. Tingling, muscle cramps and a positive Chvostek or Trousseau sign need prompt reporting and calcium replacement as prescribed.
答え
A · Check for signs of low calcium and inform the provider
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Head of the bed at about 30 degrees with the neck straight
これが答えになる理由
Raising the head to about 30 degrees and keeping the neck in line helps venous drainage and lowers intracranial pressure. Head-down positions and neck bending or turning can raise it.
答え
A · Head of the bed at about 30 degrees with the neck straight
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · The local anaesthetic can block sympathetic nerves and cause hypotension
これが答えになる理由
Epidural local anaesthetic can cause vasodilation and hypotension. Nurses also monitor sedation, respiratory rate, block height, motor function and the catheter site.
答え
C · The local anaesthetic can block sympathetic nerves and cause hypotension
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · "I will rub the area firmly after the injection."
これが答えになる理由
Rubbing the site after an anticoagulant injection increases bruising and is avoided. Rotating sites, injecting subcutaneously and reporting bleeding are correct.
答え
A · "I will rub the area firmly after the injection."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · The dye can interfere with dipstick color readings
これが答えになる理由
Phenazopyridine is a urinary analgesic dye that turns urine orange-red. It can interfere with color-based dipstick tests, so the laboratory should be told. The color is harmless, but it can stain contact lenses and clothing.確認に用いた資料:Urine - abnormal color · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · The dye can interfere with dipstick color readings
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Low albumin raises the free (active) fraction of phenytoin
これが答えになる理由
Phenytoin is highly protein bound, and only the free drug is active. When albumin is low, more phenytoin is free, so toxicity can occur with a "normal" total level. A free phenytoin level or a corrected level helps.確認に用いた資料:Phenytoin · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Antiepileptic Drug Monitoring · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答え
D · Low albumin raises the free (active) fraction of phenytoin
11.薬理学
答え: D · With food and plenty of water, swallowed whole if slow-release
これが答えになる理由
Oral potassium can cause nausea and, if a tablet lodges, ulceration of the oesophagus or gut. Taking it with food and plenty of water and staying upright reduces this; levels are monitored.
答え
D · With food and plenty of water, swallowed whole if slow-release
12.薬理学
答え: A · Severe bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced
これが答えになる理由
Azathioprine is converted to mercaptopurine, which is partly inactivated by xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol blocks this enzyme, so levels rise and dangerous myelosuppression can occur unless the dose is greatly reduced or the combination avoided.
答え
A · Severe bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · 80 mmHg
これが答えになる理由
MAP ≈ diastolic + (systolic − diastolic) ÷ 3 = 60 + 60 ÷ 3 = 80 mmHg. The heart spends longer in diastole, so MAP is closer to the diastolic value. A MAP of at least about 65 mmHg is a common target for organ perfusion.
答え
A · 80 mmHg
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
これが答えになる理由
With bleeding and a high aPTT, the heparin infusion is stopped at once and the prescriber informed. Because heparin's effect wears off within hours, stopping is often enough, but protamine sulfate can reverse it. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.
答え
A · Stop the infusion, inform the prescriber and anticipate protamine
As thyroid function returns to normal, clotting factors are broken down faster, which increases the effect of warfarin. The INR is checked more often and the warfarin dose may need to be reduced.
答え
B · The INR, because it may rise
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Pulmonary fibrosis
これが答えになる理由
Bleomycin can cause pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis, especially at higher cumulative doses, in older patients and with high oxygen concentrations. Breathlessness or a new cough must be reported.
答え
D · Pulmonary fibrosis
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Osteomyelitis
これが答えになる理由
A positive probe-to-bone test in a diabetic foot ulcer strongly suggests osteomyelitis. Imaging, bone samples, prolonged antibiotics and specialist foot team care are usually needed.
答え
C · Osteomyelitis
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Early hyperglycaemia raises the risk of birth defects
これが答えになる理由
Hyperglycaemia during organogenesis increases the risk of heart, neural tube and other anomalies and of miscarriage. Good preconception control and high-dose folic acid lower this risk.
答え
A · Early hyperglycaemia raises the risk of birth defects
答え: B · Wear it for the prescribed hours each day, with a thin cotton shirt underneath
これが答えになる理由
A brace can slow curve progression during growth only if it is worn for the prescribed time, often most of the day and night. A thin, seamless cotton layer protects the skin, which is checked daily for redness.
答え
B · Wear it for the prescribed hours each day, with a thin cotton shirt underneath
22.小児看護
答え: C · Never leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
これが答えになる理由
Rolling makes falls from raised surfaces the main immediate risk, so a hand should always stay on the baby on any raised surface. Cupboard locks and kitchen safety become important as she starts to crawl and pull to stand.
答え
C · Never leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
23.精神看護
答え: D · At the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Standardised weighing gives reliable trends. Patients may drink large amounts of water or hide objects to increase their weight, so consistent conditions and a gown are used.
答え
D · At the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
24.精神看護
答え: C · "What are your thoughts about the options you have?"
これが答えになる理由
Asking the patient to explore her own options supports problem-solving and autonomy. Giving an opinion, or passing the question on, takes the decision away from her.
答え
C · "What are your thoughts about the options you have?"
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 58.3 in
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
15·45 = 675 mg
1 回あたり
D = 675/4 = 168.8 mg
答え
D = 168.8 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 83.27 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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