What is the purpose of the Z-track technique for intramuscular injections?
AIt numbs the skin before the needle goes in
BIt makes the injection go into the fatty tissue instead of the muscle
CIt lets the nurse give a larger volume into a small muscle
DIt seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient with a new colostomy has been taught stoma care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll check the skin around my stoma when I change the bag."
B"I'll measure the stoma again as it shrinks over the next weeks."
C"I'll cut the opening much bigger than my stoma so it doesn't rub."
D"I'll dry the skin well before putting on a new bag."
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Where should the drainage bag of an indwelling urinary catheter be kept?
AOn the floor under the bed, where it is out of the way
BHung on the IV pole above the patient
CBelow the level of the bladder and off the floor
DOn the bed next to the patient’s hip
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient is on contact precautions. Which task is appropriate for the nurse to delegate to assistive personnel?
AHelping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves
BDeciding when the precautions can be stopped
CAssessing the wound for new signs of infection during the bath
DTeaching the family how to follow the precautions
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
On the first day after abdominal surgery, a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. Which nursing action is most helpful?
AGive a cough suppressant so that the incision is not strained
BEncourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
CKeep the patient lying flat in bed to rest the incision fully
DRestrict oral fluids so that the lungs do not fill up with extra fluid
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
After a head injury, a patient passes large amounts of very dilute urine, is thirsty and has a rising serum sodium. Which condition is most likely?
ASIADH
BDiabetes insipidus
CAcute kidney injury with oliguria
DDiabetic ketoacidosis
7.臨床看護学ふつう
点滴中、カニューレ周囲が腫れて冷たく青白くなり、点滴の速度が遅くなりました。考えられることは?
A静脈壁の細菌感染による静脈炎
B循環の体液過剰
C空気塞栓
D周囲の組織への輸液の浸潤(漏れ)
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with central chest pain has ST elevation on the 12-lead ECG. What is the main aim of urgent treatment?
AStrict bed rest for several days before deciding on treatment
BStarting a cholesterol-lowering drug before any other treatment is given
CWaiting for the troponin result before taking any action
DRestoring blood flow through the blocked coronary artery quickly
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient receiving chemotherapy has an ANC of 300/µL and a new temperature of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F). What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage oral fluids and record the fever in the chart
BRemove extra blankets and offer a tepid sponge bath
CGive acetaminophen (paracetamol) and recheck the temperature in 4 hours
DReport it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
鉄欠乏性貧血に最も典型的な結果の組み合わせはどれですか?
Aヘモグロビンの低下、大きな赤血球(高 MCV)、高フェリチン
Bヘモグロビンの低下、小さな赤血球(低 MCV)、低フェリチン
Cヘモグロビンは正常で、血小板数のみ高い
D高ヘモグロビンと高ヘマトクリット
11.薬理学ふつう
During an infusion of a vesicant chemotherapy drug, the patient reports burning, and the site is swollen. What should the nurse do first?
AIncrease the infusion rate to finish quickly
BStop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
CFlush the line with a large volume of saline
DRemove the cannula at once and massage the area firmly
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with heart failure starts taking naproxen regularly for back pain. Why is this a concern?
ANSAIDs block the absorption of furosemide completely
BNSAIDs increase heart contractility too much
CNSAIDs lower potassium, which makes digoxin and diuretics fail
DNSAIDs cause salt and water retention and can worsen heart failure
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
After repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which regular assessment helps detect a blocked graft or clots in the legs?
ATesting the gag reflex every four hours after surgery
BChecking leg pulses, colour, warmth and sensation
CChecking the pupils' response to light
DMeasuring the blood glucose every hour through the night
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
During CPR on an adult, a nurse notices a colleague compressing at about 140/min and leaning on the chest between compressions. Which correction is most appropriate?
AStop compressions until a pulse is felt
BSlow to 100–120/min and allow full chest recoil
CPress more gently, to a depth of about 2 cm
DSpeed up to about 160/min to improve the blood flow
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient on peritoneal dialysis has gained weight and has higher glucose levels. Which part of the treatment is the likely cause?
AGlucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid
BSodium lost into the dialysis fluid
CAir entering the abdomen during exchanges
DProtein lost into the dialysis fluid
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with acromegaly snores loudly, stops breathing at times in sleep and is sleepy during the day. What is most likely?
AObstructive sleep apnoea
BAn anxiety disorder
CNarcolepsy
DNormal snoring
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which treatment often relieves pain from a bone metastasis?
What is the purpose of grommets (tympanostomy tubes) in a child with repeated middle ear problems?
ATo give antibiotics directly into the inner ear
BTo replace the damaged eardrum permanently
CTo ventilate the middle ear and let fluid drain
DTo widen the outer ear canal and reduce the build-up of wax
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child with a new forearm cast has severe pain not relieved by analgesia and screams when the nurse gently moves the fingers. What should the nurse suspect?
AItching under the cast; give an antihistamine
BNormal pain after a fracture; give more time
CAnxiety; distract the child with play
DCompartment syndrome; report it at once
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient who started a high-dose corticosteroid (prednisolone or prednisone) a week ago is now euphoric, sleeping little and talking very fast. What should the nurse suspect?
AAlcohol withdrawal
BA normal reaction to feeling better from the treatment
CLithium toxicity
DMood changes caused by the corticosteroid
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient says, "My boss didn't say hello this morning, so she must think I'm useless." Which cognitive distortion is shown, and what is a helpful nursing response?
AMind reading; ask what other reasons there might be for the boss's behaviour
BPersonalisation; advise the patient to ask for a new manager
CAll-or-nothing thinking; agree that the boss is being unfair
DCatastrophising; tell the patient that she will definitely not be fired
答え: D · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
これが答えになる理由
Pulling the skin sideways before injecting and releasing it afterwards makes a zigzag track that closes over the needle path, preventing leakage and skin staining.
答え
D · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · "I'll cut the opening much bigger than my stoma so it doesn't rub."
これが答えになる理由
An opening that is too large leaves skin exposed to output, causing soreness and leaks. Checking the skin, re-measuring and drying the skin are correct.
答え
C · "I'll cut the opening much bigger than my stoma so it doesn't rub."
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Below the level of the bladder and off the floor
これが答えになる理由
Keeping the bag below the bladder prevents backflow of urine into the bladder, and keeping it off the floor prevents contamination. Both reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection.
答え
C · Below the level of the bladder and off the floor
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Helping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves
これが答えになる理由
Assistive personnel can carry out routine care for a stable patient, using the correct PPE. Assessment, teaching and clinical judgement, such as deciding when to stop precautions, cannot be delegated to them.
答え
A · Helping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
これが答えになる理由
Reduced basal breath sounds and a mild temperature early after surgery often mean atelectasis. Deep breathing, coughing, incentive spirometry and early mobilization help re-expand the lungs.
答え
B · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Diabetes insipidus
これが答えになる理由
Damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus can stop the release of antidiuretic hormone, causing diabetes insipidus. The patient loses water, so urine is dilute and sodium rises; SIADH causes the opposite.
答え: D · Restoring blood flow through the blocked coronary artery quickly
これが答えになる理由
ST-elevation myocardial infarction means a coronary artery is usually completely blocked. Urgent reperfusion by primary PCI, or thrombolysis if PCI is not available in time, limits the amount of heart muscle that dies.
答え
D · Restoring blood flow through the blocked coronary artery quickly
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Report it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
これが答えになる理由
Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency, because infection can progress to sepsis rapidly without the usual signs of inflammation. Blood cultures are taken and broad-spectrum antibiotics are started promptly as prescribed.確認に用いた資料:Watch Out for Fever · CDC (2024); What You Need to Know: Neutropenia and Risk for Infection · CDC
答え
D · Report it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · ヘモグロビンの低下、小さな赤血球(低 MCV)、低フェリチン
これが答えになる理由
鉄欠乏は、鉄の貯蔵が少ない(低フェリチン)小球性貧血(低 MCV)を起こします。大きな赤血球は、ビタミン B12 または葉酸の欠乏を示唆します。確認に用いた資料:Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); RBC indices · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
B · ヘモグロビンの低下、小さな赤血球(低 MCV)、低フェリチン
11.薬理学
答え: B · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
これが答えになる理由
Suspected extravasation of a vesicant is an emergency. The infusion is stopped, the cannula is left in so that drug can be aspirated, and the protocol, which may include an antidote and cold or warm packs, is followed.
答え
B · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
12.薬理学
答え: D · NSAIDs cause salt and water retention and can worsen heart failure
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs inhibit renal prostaglandins, causing sodium and water retention and reducing the effect of diuretics. They can trigger decompensation of heart failure and are usually avoided.
答え
D · NSAIDs cause salt and water retention and can worsen heart failure
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Checking leg pulses, colour, warmth and sensation
これが答えになる理由
After aortic surgery, distal pulses, skin colour, temperature, capillary refill, movement and sensation are checked often and compared with baseline. Loss of pulses, pallor or pain suggests graft occlusion or emboli and must be reported at once. Urine output is also monitored for renal perfusion.
答え
B · Checking leg pulses, colour, warmth and sensation
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Slow to 100–120/min and allow full chest recoil
これが答えになる理由
High-quality adult CPR uses a rate of 100–120/min, a depth of 5–6 cm, full recoil after each compression and minimal interruptions. Leaning prevents the chest from re-expanding, so the heart fills less. Compressors should swap about every 2 minutes to avoid fatigue.
答え
B · Slow to 100–120/min and allow full chest recoil
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Glucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid
これが答えになる理由
Standard PD fluids contain glucose to pull water out by osmosis. Some glucose is absorbed, adding calories and raising blood glucose. Glucose monitoring and diet advice are needed, and other solutions may be used.
答え
A · Glucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Obstructive sleep apnoea
これが答えになる理由
Growth hormone excess enlarges the tongue and upper airway tissues, so obstructive sleep apnoea is common in acromegaly. It needs assessment because it raises cardiovascular risk and affects safety under anaesthesia.
答え
A · Obstructive sleep apnoea
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Palliative radiotherapy to the area
これが答えになる理由
A single fraction or short course of radiotherapy relieves pain from bone metastases in many patients. Analgesia, including NSAIDs where suitable, and bone-targeted drugs are also used.
答え: C · Blood flow to the placenta is restored between contractions
これが答えになる理由
During contractions, blood flow to the intervillous space falls. Relaxation between contractions restores oxygen delivery to the fetus. Short rest periods, as in tachysystole, can cause fetal hypoxia.
答え
C · Blood flow to the placenta is restored between contractions
答え: C · To ventilate the middle ear and let fluid drain
これが答えになる理由
Grommets are small tubes placed in the eardrum that equalise pressure and let fluid drain from the middle ear, improving hearing. They usually fall out by themselves as the eardrum heals.
答え
C · To ventilate the middle ear and let fluid drain
22.小児看護
答え: D · Compartment syndrome; report it at once
これが答えになる理由
Rising pressure within a muscle compartment cuts off blood supply. Severe pain unrelieved by analgesia and pain on passive movement are early signs; pulselessness is late. The prescriber is told immediately, the limb is not elevated above heart level and the cast may need splitting.
答え
D · Compartment syndrome; report it at once
23.精神看護
答え: D · Mood changes caused by the corticosteroid
これが答えになる理由
High-dose corticosteroids can cause mood changes, including mania, depression and psychosis. The nurse reports the change so the prescriber can review the dose and treatment.
答え
D · Mood changes caused by the corticosteroid
24.精神看護
答え: A · Mind reading; ask what other reasons there might be for the boss's behaviour
これが答えになる理由
Mind reading is assuming others' thoughts without evidence. Exploring alternative explanations, such as the boss being busy, helps the patient test the thought and reduce distress.
答え
A · Mind reading; ask what other reasons there might be for the boss's behaviour
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 40.7 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
105.2 − 32 = 73.2
5/9を掛ける
T = 73.2·5/9 = 40.67 ≈ 40.7 °C
答え
T = 40.7 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 200 mL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL
全投与期間
V = 10 mL × 4/日 × 5 = 200 mL
答え
V = 200 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 187.5 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 44 個、1500 ÷ 44 ≈ 34 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.76 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.88 秒、68 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.18 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.08 秒で幅が狭い(0.12 秒未満)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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