How should the heels of a bedbound patient at high risk be protected?
ALift them off the mattress with a pillow under the calves
BWrap them tightly in bandages
CRest them on a rolled towel placed directly under each heel
DRub them with cream several times a day
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient says, "I've bought nicotine patches and I'm stopping smoking on Monday." Which stage of change is this?
APreparation
BMaintenance
CContemplation
DAction
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Why must visible dirt be removed from equipment before it is disinfected?
ADisinfectants only work on wet surfaces
BCleaning first is only needed for metal items
CDirt makes the disinfectant react and work too strongly on the surface
DOrganic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse has worked three long shifts in a row and feels exhausted. The manager asks the nurse to stay for another shift. What is the most appropriate response?
AAgree and drink extra coffee to stay alert
BExplain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
CAgree, but skip the independent medication checks to save energy on the shift
DAgree without telling anyone about the fatigue
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
When making patient assignments, what should the charge nurse consider first?
AMatching each patient’s needs to staff competence
BLetting staff choose the patients they prefer
CGiving the newest staff the most complex patients
DGiving each nurse patients in rooms next to each other
A patient has had severe watery diarrhea for 4 days. Which laboratory pattern would the nurse expect?
ALow potassium and low bicarbonate
BHigh potassium and high bicarbonate
CHigh sodium and high calcium
DLow glucose and high magnesium
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient's potassium is 7.2 mEq/L, and the monitor shows wide QRS complexes. Several treatments are prescribed. Which should be given first?
AIV furosemide (a loop diuretic)
BAn oral potassium binder dose
CIV calcium gluconate (or chloride)
DUrgent hemodialysis session
11.薬理学ふつう
Before starting a TNF-alpha inhibitor such as adalimumab, which test is required?
AScreening for latent tuberculosis
BA bone density scan
CAn echocardiogram in every patient
DA glucose tolerance test
12.薬理学むずかしい
ゲンタマイシンの投与量を血中濃度でモニタリングするのはなぜですか?
A非常に高い濃度でしか効かないから
B腎毒性と耳毒性があり、治療係数が狭いから
C重い低血糖を起こすから
Dすべて肝臓で代謝されるので、肝機能で用量が決まるから
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why must intravenous potassium chloride never be given as a rapid push or undiluted?
AIt turns into solid crystals inside the vein and blocks it
BIt works only when given by mouth
CIt immediately lowers the blood glucose to dangerous levels
DA sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Two adults with cystic fibrosis are admitted to the same ward. What is the correct infection-control plan?
ALet them share physiotherapy sessions and equipment
BUse standard precautions only, as CF is not infectious
CPut them in the same bay so they can support each other
DNurse them in separate single rooms and keep them apart
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
How does the nurse test the facial nerve (VII)?
AAsk them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile
BTouch the forehead, cheek and chin with cotton wool
CAsk the patient to stick out the tongue and move it from side to side
DShine a light in each eye and check the pupil response
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient has erratic glucose readings. The nurse finds a soft, rubbery lump where they always inject. What is the most important teaching?
AMassage the lump firmly after every injection
BDouble the insulin dose because the lump blocks the insulin
CKeep injecting into the lump, because it hurts less there
DUse healthy sites and check glucose often, as less insulin may be needed
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why is a gastrostomy tube with an internal bumper usually advanced and rotated regularly once the tract has healed?
ATo remove any feed left in the stomach
BTo stop the inner bumper becoming buried in the stomach wall
CTo make the tube longer as the patient grows or gains weight
DTo check that the patient is still hungry
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient after a laparoscopic fundoplication for reflux. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"Some difficulty swallowing can happen in the early weeks."
B"I should eat smaller meals for a while after the operation."
C"I'll eat soft, moist food at first and chew it well."
D"Fizzy drinks will help me bring up wind after meals."
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman at 22 weeks describes sharp pain on one side of the lower abdomen when she stands up quickly. Her vital signs and fetal heart rate are normal. What is the most likely cause?
APreterm labour
BRound ligament pain
CPlacental abruption
DAppendicitis
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Just after delivery of the placenta, a woman suddenly has severe pain, heavy bleeding and shock. No fundus can be felt abdominally and a mass is seen at the vulva. What is most likely?
AUterine inversion
BAmniotic fluid embolism
CCervical laceration
DUterine atony
21.小児看護ふつう
After a cardiac catheterisation through the femoral artery, which assessment is essential?
APulse, colour, warmth and sensation of the leg below the puncture site
BPupil size and reaction every 15 minutes
CBowel sounds, abdominal girth and stool colour every 15 minutes for the first hours
DUrine specific gravity at every void
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 5-year-old with leukaemia tells the nurse she is ill because she was naughty. What is the best response?
AExplain the cell biology of leukaemia to her in detail
BAgree that being good may help her get better faster
CIgnore the remark, as she is too young to understand
DReassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
23.精神看護ふつう
Which setting is best for an initial assessment interview with a new patient?
AA small office with the nurse sitting behind a high desk between herself and the door
BThe busy day room, so that the patient feels part of the ward
CThe corridor, so that the interview can be done quickly
DA quiet, private room with chairs at the same level and easy access to the door
24.精神看護むずかしい
An older woman living with her son looks thin and unkempt. She says her son "looks after the money" and she is often hungry. What should the nurse do?
AAsk the son in front of her whether he is stealing her money
BTell her that she must move out of her son's home at once and stay with friends until the matter is sorted out
CTalk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
DIgnore it, because family finances are a private matter
答え: A · Lift them off the mattress with a pillow under the calves
これが答えになる理由
Heels have little padding and develop ulcers quickly. "Floating" them, with the support under the calves and the knee slightly bent, removes pressure from the heel.
答え
A · Lift them off the mattress with a pillow under the calves
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Preparation
これが答えになる理由
In preparation the person intends to act soon and has taken small steps, such as buying patches. Action begins when they actually stop smoking.
答え
A · Preparation
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
これが答えになる理由
Blood, secretions and soil protect organisms and can inactivate disinfectants. Cleaning is always done first, followed by disinfection or sterilization as required.
答え
D · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Explain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
これが答えになる理由
Long hours and fatigue increase errors and injuries. Nurses have a professional responsibility to judge whether they are fit to work safely and to say so clearly.
答え
B · Explain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
これが答えになる理由
Assignments are based mainly on patient acuity and needs and on each staff member’s skills and scope. Geography and continuity of care help, but they come after safety.
答え
A · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
Lower gut fluid contains potassium and bicarbonate, so severe diarrhea causes hypokalemia and a normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis, plus dehydration. Vomiting, in contrast, causes metabolic alkalosis.確認に用いた資料:Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Metabolic acidosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Low potassium and low bicarbonate
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · IV calcium gluconate (or chloride)
これが答えになる理由
With ECG changes, IV calcium is given first to stabilize the cardiac membrane within minutes. It does not lower potassium, so insulin with glucose (and sometimes albuterol/salbutamol) follows to shift potassium into cells, then binders, diuretics or dialysis remove it.確認に用いた資料:High potassium level - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · IV calcium gluconate (or chloride)
11.薬理学
答え: A · Screening for latent tuberculosis
これが答えになる理由
TNF inhibitors can reactivate latent TB, so patients are screened with a TB blood test or skin test and chest X-ray. Hepatitis B is usually checked as well.
答え: D · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
これが答えになる理由
Rapid or concentrated IV potassium can cause cardiac arrest. It is given diluted, by infusion, at controlled rates (often with a pump and ECG monitoring for higher rates). Concentrated ampoules are tightly controlled in hospitals because of fatal errors.
答え
D · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Nurse them in separate single rooms and keep them apart
これが答えになる理由
People with CF are colonised with organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex that can pass between patients and worsen outcomes. They are cared for in single rooms and kept apart, without sharing equipment or sessions.
答え
D · Nurse them in separate single rooms and keep them apart
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Ask them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile
これが答えになる理由
The facial nerve moves the muscles of the face. Asking the patient to raise the eyebrows, close the eyes, puff the cheeks and smile shows any weakness. Facial sensation is carried by the trigeminal nerve.
答え
A · Ask them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Use healthy sites and check glucose often, as less insulin may be needed
これが答えになる理由
Lipohypertrophy causes poor and unpredictable absorption. When the patient switches to healthy tissue, more insulin is absorbed, so hypos can occur. Glucose is monitored closely, and doses may need to be reduced.
答え
D · Use healthy sites and check glucose often, as less insulin may be needed
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · To stop the inner bumper becoming buried in the stomach wall
これが答えになる理由
Buried bumper syndrome occurs when the internal fixator embeds in the gastric wall. Following local guidance, the tube is gently advanced, rotated and returned once healed, and the external fixator is kept slightly loose.
答え
B · To stop the inner bumper becoming buried in the stomach wall
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · "Fizzy drinks will help me bring up wind after meals."
これが答えになる理由
Fundoplication wraps the stomach around the lower oesophagus, so belching may be hard and gas bloat is common; fizzy drinks make it worse. Soft food, small meals and good chewing help while early swelling settles.
答え
D · "Fizzy drinks will help me bring up wind after meals."
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Round ligament pain
これが答えになる理由
Round ligament pain is sharp, brief pain in the groin or lower abdomen with sudden movement as the uterus grows. Moving slowly and flexing the hips towards the abdomen help. Persistent or severe pain needs review.
答え
B · Round ligament pain
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Uterine inversion
これが答えになる理由
An absent fundus on palpation with a mass in the vagina and shock suggest uterine inversion. Help is called immediately, oxytocin is stopped and the uterus is replaced as soon as possible by the medical team.
答え
A · Uterine inversion
21.小児看護
答え: A · Pulse, colour, warmth and sensation of the leg below the puncture site
これが答えになる理由
After catheterisation, the nurse checks the puncture site for bleeding and the affected leg for pulses, colour, temperature and sensation to detect clotting or bleeding. The leg is kept straight for the time set by local policy.
答え
A · Pulse, colour, warmth and sensation of the leg below the puncture site
22.小児看護
答え: D · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
これが答えになる理由
Preoperational children use magical thinking and may believe illness is a punishment for bad behaviour or thoughts. Clear, repeated reassurance in simple language reduces guilt and fear.
答え
D · Reassure her clearly that nothing she did or thought made her ill
23.精神看護
答え: D · A quiet, private room with chairs at the same level and easy access to the door
これが答えになる理由
A private, quiet space protects confidentiality and helps the patient talk. Seating at the same level is less intimidating, and keeping access to the door supports safety for both people.
答え
D · A quiet, private room with chairs at the same level and easy access to the door
24.精神看護
答え: C · Talk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
これが答えになる理由
Signs of financial abuse and neglect require a private conversation, careful documentation and reporting through safeguarding procedures. Confrontation could increase the risk to her.
答え
C · Talk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 38.5 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
101.3 − 32 = 69.3
5/9を掛ける
T = 69.3·5/9 = 38.5 °C
答え
T = 38.5 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 440 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
1½ カップ = 1.5·240 = 360 mL
1½ fl oz = 1.5·30 = 45 mL
足す
V = 30 + 5 + 360 + 45 = 440 mL
答え
V = 440 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 250 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
25·30 = 750 mg
1 回あたり
D = 750/3 = 250 mg
答え
D = 250 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 20 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
25000/250 = 100 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 2000/100 = 20 mL/h
答え
R = 20 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 420 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
35·60/20 = 105 mL/h
体積
V = 105·4 = 420 mL
答え
V = 420 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: Δ = 20 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 44 個、1500 ÷ 44 ≈ 34 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.76 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.88 秒、68 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.18 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.14 秒で幅広(0.12 秒以上)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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