For a patient at risk of pressure ulcers, why is the head of the bed usually kept at 30 degrees or less if their condition allows?
ALower angles increase blood flow to the heels
BHigher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
CLower angles stop the patient from getting out of bed
DHigher angles always cause breathing problems in patients who are bedbound
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A nurse cleans an IV pump with a disinfectant wipe. What must happen for the disinfectant to work?
AThe surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
BThe surface is wiped once lightly without pressure
CThe surface is dried with a clean towel right after wiping
DThe wipe is used on many pumps to save product
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient is admitted with suspected pneumonic plague after a possible bioterrorism release. Which precautions are used?
AAirborne precautions
BContact precautions only
CDroplet precautions
DStandard precautions only
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
申し送りの後、看護師が最初に診るべき患者はどれですか?
A補助呼吸筋を使い、SpO₂ が 88 % の喘息患者
B朝食前の血糖が 160 mg/dL(8.9 mmol/L)の糖尿病患者
C股関節置換術の 2 日後で、痛みが 5/10 の患者
D肺炎で体温 38.2 °C だが、30 分前に解熱薬を投与された患者
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
Which nursing approach may raise intracranial pressure in a patient with a head injury?
ASpacing out care with rest periods in between activities
BKeeping the head in line with the body
CKeeping the room calm and quiet
DDoing suctioning, turning and bathing all at the same time
7.臨床看護学ふつう
ACE 阻害薬を開始した患者に持続する空咳が出ました。考えられる原因は?
Aβ遮断薬による喘息
B肺塞栓症
CACE 阻害薬の既知の副作用
D最近投与したペニシリンへのアレルギー反応
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient rescued from a house fire has soot around the mouth, singed nasal hairs and a hoarse voice. What is the main concern?
AHypothermia from the fire service water
BDehydration from sweating
CAirway swelling from inhalation injury
DA minor throat infection
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Which finding during a transfusion suggests transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)?
ABack pain with dark red urine output
BA low temperature and slow heart rate
CCrackles, hypertension and a raised BNP
DHives and itching without other signs
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia has a measured sodium of 128 mEq/L, but a measured serum osmolality is normal, and the patient has no symptoms. What is the most likely explanation?
AHyponatremia caused by severe hyperglycemia in diabetes
BPseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
CTrue hyponatremia from SIADH that needs fluid restriction
DHyponatremia caused by drinking far too much water
11.薬理学ふつう
Why is a spacer recommended with a metered-dose inhaler?
AIt turns the inhaler into a nebuliser
BMore drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth
CIt removes the need to shake the inhaler
DIt doubles the dose of drug released by each puff of the inhaler
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is glibenclamide (glyburide) generally avoided in older adults?
AIt causes high blood glucose in older adults
BIt is long-acting and can cause prolonged, severe hypoglycaemia
CIt causes severe weight loss and muscle wasting in older people
DIt is not absorbed in people over 65
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A young patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy asks why they are told to avoid dehydration. What is the best explanation?
ADehydration makes the heart muscle grow thicker within a few hours
BFluids dissolve the extra muscle in the heart wall
CDehydration is the cause of the inherited condition
DLow blood volume can worsen obstruction of blood leaving the heart
A patient with myasthenia gravis took extra pyridostigmine doses. They now have more weakness, heavy salivation, sweating, diarrhoea, small pupils and a slow pulse. What is most likely?
AA cholinergic crisis from too much medication
BA normal response to a higher dose
CA myasthenic crisis from too little medication
DAn allergic reaction to the drug
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which check is routinely made for a patient with a burn wound?
AVisual acuity in both eyes
BTetanus immunisation status
CMeasles vaccination status
DBlood group of the next of kin
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
After forearm fracture surgery, a patient has severe pain not eased by opioids, made worse by passively moving the fingers. What should the nurse do?
ARaise the arm as high as possible and give a further dose of opioid
BApply ice and a tighter bandage to reduce the swelling
CLoosen any tight dressing, keep the arm at heart level and escalate
DReassure the patient that this pain is expected
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman with pre-eclampsia is on magnesium sulfate. Which task can be delegated to a healthcare assistant (unlicensed assistive personnel)?
AMeasuring and recording urine output
BAdjusting the magnesium infusion rate
CEvaluating her for signs of toxicity
DAssessing her deep tendon reflexes
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
新生児の腋窩温が 36.0 °C です。最も適切な最初の対応はどれですか?
Aすぐに温かい沐浴をする
B帽子をかぶせ、覆いをかけて母親と肌を触れ合わせる
C次の定期観察まで待つ
D皮膚の色をよく観察するために、服を着せずに寝台に寝かせておく
21.小児看護ふつう
細気管支炎の乳児に最も役立つ看護はどれですか?
A気道の分泌物が排出されるよう、うつぶせで平らに寝かせる
B乳児が改善するまで、すべての授乳を中止する
C授乳前の優しい鼻吸引と、水分状態および酸素飽和度のモニタリング
D定期的な抗菌薬
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 6-week-old is admitted with suspected pertussis. What is the main nursing concern?
AApnoea and cyanosis during or after coughing spells
BConstipation from reduced feeding
CA rash spreading from the face to the trunk
DHigh blood pressure from the coughing
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient taking phenelzine, an MAOI, is being taught before discharge. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll avoid aged cheese and cured meats."
B"A sudden severe headache is a reason to get help straight away."
C"I'll tell any new doctor or dentist that I take an MAOI."
D"I can take any cold and flu remedy from the pharmacy."
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient in a mental health unit asks to read his own health records. What is the correct general principle?
AThe nurse should give him the records immediately without following any procedure
BPsychiatric patients are never allowed to see their records
CPatients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
DOnly his family can request access to his records on his behalf
答え: B · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
これが答えになる理由
When the head is raised high, the body tends to slide while the skin stays still, distorting the tissues over the sacrum. Keeping the angle low, where safe, reduces this shear.
答え
B · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · The surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
これが答えになる理由
Each disinfectant has a contact (dwell) time during which the surface must stay visibly wet. Drying it early or spreading one wipe over many items reduces its effect.
答え
A · The surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Droplet precautions
これが答えになる理由
Pneumonic plague spreads from person to person by respiratory droplets, so droplet precautions are used until the patient has had effective antibiotics for the period set by policy. Bubonic plague without lung involvement needs standard precautions.
答え: D · Doing suctioning, turning and bathing all at the same time
これが答えになる理由
Clustering several stimulating activities can cause a sustained rise in intracranial pressure. Spacing care, keeping the neck straight and a calm environment help keep it down.
答え
D · Doing suctioning, turning and bathing all at the same time
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · ACE 阻害薬の既知の副作用
これが答えになる理由
空咳はラミプリルなどの ACE 阻害薬のよくある副作用です。アンジオテンシン II 受容体拮抗薬に切り替えることがよくあります。
答え
C · ACE 阻害薬の既知の副作用
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Airway swelling from inhalation injury
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest inhalation injury, which can cause rapid airway swelling and obstruction. Early senior anaesthetic review is needed, as early intubation may be required. Carbon monoxide poisoning must also be considered.
答え
C · Airway swelling from inhalation injury
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Crackles, hypertension and a raised BNP
これが答えになる理由
TACO is fluid overload, often in older adults or those with heart or kidney disease. It causes dyspnea, crackles, hypertension, distended neck veins and a raised BNP. The transfusion is stopped, the patient is sat up and diuretics may be prescribed.
答え
C · Crackles, hypertension and a raised BNP
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Pseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
これが答えになる理由
Very high lipids or proteins take up part of the plasma volume, so some laboratory methods report a falsely low sodium. The osmolality and the sodium measured by direct methods are normal. Treating this "hyponatremia" would be harmful.
答え
B · Pseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
11.薬理学
答え: B · More drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth
これが答えになる理由
A spacer holds the aerosol so it can be inhaled slowly, without precise coordination. This improves lung delivery and reduces mouth side effects such as thrush from inhaled steroids.
答え
B · More drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth
12.薬理学
答え: B · It is long-acting and can cause prolonged, severe hypoglycaemia
これが答えになる理由
Glibenclamide has a long action and active metabolites that accumulate when kidney function declines. Older adults are at high risk of prolonged hypoglycaemia, so shorter-acting agents or other drug classes are preferred.
答え
B · It is long-acting and can cause prolonged, severe hypoglycaemia
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Low blood volume can worsen obstruction of blood leaving the heart
これが答えになる理由
In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a thickened septum can obstruct the left ventricular outflow tract, and the obstruction worsens when the ventricle is underfilled. Dehydration, vasodilators and strenuous exertion can trigger symptoms or arrhythmias. It is a cause of sudden cardiac death in young people.
答え
D · Low blood volume can worsen obstruction of blood leaving the heart
答え: A · A cholinergic crisis from too much medication
これが答えになる理由
Too much cholinesterase inhibitor causes a cholinergic crisis: weakness plus muscarinic effects such as salivation, sweating, diarrhoea, miosis and bradycardia. A myasthenic crisis is weakness from under-treatment or triggers. Both can cause respiratory failure, so the airway is the priority.
答え
A · A cholinergic crisis from too much medication
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Tetanus immunisation status
これが答えになる理由
Burns can be contaminated, so tetanus status is checked and a booster or immunoglobulin given if needed, according to guidelines.
答え
B · Tetanus immunisation status
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Loosen any tight dressing, keep the arm at heart level and escalate
これが答えになる理由
These are early signs of compartment syndrome, where raised pressure in a muscle compartment reduces blood flow. Constrictive dressings are released, the limb is kept at heart level and urgent surgical review is needed, as fasciotomy may be required.
答え
C · Loosen any tight dressing, keep the arm at heart level and escalate
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Measuring and recording urine output
これが答えになる理由
Measuring and recording output can be delegated. The nurse assesses reflexes and breathing, interprets findings and manages the infusion.
答え
A · Measuring and recording urine output
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · 帽子をかぶせ、覆いをかけて母親と肌を触れ合わせる
これが答えになる理由
約 36.5 °C 未満は低体温です。毛布と帽子をつけた肌と肌の触れ合いが赤ちゃんを温めます。寒冷ストレスはブドウ糖を消費して低血糖を起こすことがあるため、体温と血糖を再確認します。沐浴は熱喪失を増やします。
答え: A · Apnoea and cyanosis during or after coughing spells
これが答えになる理由
Young infants with pertussis are at high risk of apnoea, cyanosis, exhaustion and feeding problems. They need close cardiorespiratory monitoring, suction equipment at hand and droplet precautions.
答え
A · Apnoea and cyanosis during or after coughing spells
23.精神看護
答え: D · "I can take any cold and flu remedy from the pharmacy."
これが答えになる理由
Decongestants such as pseudoephedrine are sympathomimetics and can cause a hypertensive crisis with MAOIs. Patients should check any new medicine, including over-the-counter remedies, with a pharmacist or prescriber.
答え
D · "I can take any cold and flu remedy from the pharmacy."
24.精神看護
答え: C · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
これが答えになる理由
Data protection and health records laws in many countries give patients a right to access their records. Requests follow a formal procedure, and information may be withheld only in limited cases, for example if it could cause serious harm.
答え
C · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
Hb = 9.5 g/dL × 10 dL/L = 95 g/L
答え
Hb = 95 g/L
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 75 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
5·45 = 225 mg
1 回あたり
D = 225/3 = 75 mg
答え
D = 75 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 25 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
25000/500 = 50 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 1250/50 = 25 mL/h
答え
R = 25 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 20 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
80/60 = 1.333 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 1.333·15 = 20 gtt/min
答え
R = 20 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 100 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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