Using the AVPU scale, a patient who opens their eyes and groans only when the nurse squeezes their shoulder is scored as:
AP
BU
CV
DA
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient's potassium result is 6.8 mmol/L (6.8 mEq/L). Why is this urgent?
AVery high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
BIt is normal for patients after surgery
CIt means the patient urgently needs more potassium
DHigh potassium causes only mild muscle cramps that settle without treatment
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
身体抑制の使用について正しい記述はどれですか?
Aまず代替手段を試み、期限付きの指示が必要である
B抑制は各勤務の終わりに一度確認すればよい
C必要時の包括的な抑制指示は望ましい実践である
D病棟の看護師が不足しているときはいつでも使用してよい
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
患者の創にMRSAが検出され、今度ドレッシング交換が必要です。適切なPPEはどれですか?
Aガウンと手袋。飛散のおそれがあれば、眼の防護具とマスクも
Bガウンやその他の防護なしの、滅菌手袋のみ
C後で手を洗うなら、PPEは不要
DMRSAは耐性菌なので、N95マスクのみ
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A conscious patient with hypoglycemia drank juice 15 minutes ago. The glucose is now 62 mg/dL (3.4 mmol/L). What should the nurse do next?
AGive the next scheduled dose of rapid-acting insulin with the meal
BGive another serving of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
CWait another hour, because juice can take a long time to work
DRecord the result and recheck the glucose at the usual time before the evening meal
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient at 34 weeks of pregnancy has painless, bright red vaginal bleeding. Which action should the nurse avoid?
AWeighing the pads to estimate blood loss
BMeasuring the blood pressure and pulse
CMonitoring the fetal heart rate
DA vaginal examination
7.臨床看護学ふつう
これから輸血を始めます。最も重要な安全確認は?
A患者の食事の好みを確認すること
Bすべての血液を電子レンジで温めること
Cベッドサイドで、患者の確実な本人確認を血液製剤と照合すること
D患者の体重だけを確認すること
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A few hours after cardiac surgery, a patient has low blood pressure, a raised jugular venous pressure and quiet, muffled heart sounds. What should be suspected?
AHyperkalaemia
BHypovolaemia from dehydration
CCardiac tamponade
DPneumonia
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient has a calcium of 7.0 mg/dL (1.75 mmol/L) and tingling around the mouth. Which nursing measure is most appropriate?
ALimit dairy products until the level falls again
BPromote walking to move calcium back into the bone
CPut seizure precautions in place and report the result
DEncourage 3 L of fluid per day to dilute the calcium
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A young woman with frequent self-induced vomiting has swollen salivary glands. Which laboratory pattern is most likely?
ALow sodium, low bicarbonate and high lipase
BLow potassium, high bicarbonate and high amylase
CHigh potassium, low bicarbonate and low amylase
DHigh calcium, high phosphate and high glucose
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient uses a salbutamol (albuterol) inhaler and a corticosteroid inhaler at the same time of day. Which order is usually taught?
AUse the steroid first, then the salbutamol right after without any gap
BUse the salbutamol first, wait a few minutes, then use the steroid
CThe order does not matter and no waiting is needed
DUse both in the same breath to save time
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on disulfiram becomes flushed, nauseated and has palpitations after using a mouthwash. What is the most likely cause?
AAn allergy to mint flavouring in the mouthwash
BDisulfiram toxicity from taking too many tablets by mistake
CAlcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
DLow blood glucose from skipping breakfast
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient with a long QT interval develops a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that twists around the baseline but still has a pulse. Which drug is used first?
AOral digoxin
BIntravenous adenosine
CIntravenous magnesium sulfate
DIntravenous potassium chloride as a bolus
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Twelve hours after a coronary stent, a patient has sudden severe chest pain again with new ST elevation in the same leads. What is the most likely cause?
AAcute stent thrombosis
BNormal pain from the procedure site
CIndigestion from the hospital meal
DPericarditis from the catheter
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which group of drugs is a well-known cause of SIADH and hyponatraemia, especially in older people?
AProton pump inhibitors
BPenicillin antibiotics
CSSRI antidepressants
DBulk-forming laxatives
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with AKI has a low urine sodium and concentrated urine. What does this suggest?
AA post-renal blockage, with urine backed up
BA pre-renal cause, with kidneys holding salt and water
CDiabetes insipidus, with too little ADH
DAcute tubular necrosis, with damaged and leaking tubules
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why is a gastrostomy tube with an internal bumper usually advanced and rotated regularly once the tract has healed?
ATo stop the inner bumper becoming buried in the stomach wall
BTo check that the patient is still hungry
CTo make the tube longer as the patient grows or gains weight
DTo remove any feed left in the stomach
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with recurrent diverticulitis reports passing air and faecal matter in the urine. What is the most likely cause?
ABowel preparation that was taken too quickly
BA kidney stone blocking the ureter
CA fistula between the colon and the bladder
DA simple lower urinary tract infection
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Why is a copper intrauterine device a good contraceptive option for many breastfeeding mothers?
AIt increases milk production
BIt is hormone-free and very effective
CIt must be replaced every month
DIt protects against sexually transmitted infections
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A newborn has a deep dimple with a tuft of hair over the lower spine. What is the significance?
AIt may be a sign of an underlying spinal defect
BIt is a sign of congenital heart disease
CIt is an expected birthmark with no meaning
DIt means the baby will have hip dysplasia
21.小児看護ふつう
Which advice is first-line for a school-age child with functional constipation?
ACutting out all fruit and vegetables to soften the stools
BAvoiding the toilet at school until the problem has settled
CMore fibre and fluids, a regular toilet time after meals and laxatives if prescribed
DDaily enemas given at home by the parents for several months, without other changes
22.小児看護むずかしい
An 8-year-old tells the nurse that her uncle touches her in a way she does not like and asks the nurse to keep it secret. What is the best response?
AListen calmly, praise her for telling, explain it must be shared, and follow safeguarding
BPhone the uncle straight away to ask for his side of the story before reporting anything
CAsk detailed, leading questions to find out exactly what happened
DPromise to keep the secret, so that she keeps trusting the nurse and tells more later
23.精神看護ふつう
What must a patient be told for consent to a new psychotropic medicine to be valid?
ANothing at all, because psychiatric patients cannot give consent
BOnly the benefits, so that the patient is not frightened by the side effects
COnly the name of the medicine and the time of day it will be given
DThe expected benefits, the main risks and the alternatives, including no treatment
AVPU stands for Alert, responds to Voice, responds to Pain, Unresponsive. A response only to a painful stimulus is "P", a serious sign that needs urgent review.
答え
A · P
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Severe hyperkalaemia can cause cardiac arrest. The result is escalated at once; an ECG and treatment follow, and a repeat sample checks whether the result was falsely raised.
答え
A · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
答え: B · Give another serving of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
これが答えになる理由
If the glucose is still below the hypoglycemia threshold after treatment (70 mg/dL in US guidance, 4.0 mmol/L in UK guidance), the fast-acting carbohydrate is repeated and the glucose rechecked. Once it is normal, a snack or meal helps keep it stable.
答え
B · Give another serving of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · A vaginal examination
これが答えになる理由
Painless, bright red bleeding suggests placenta previa. A vaginal examination could cause severe hemorrhage, so it is avoided until the placenta position is known.
Hypotension, raised JVP and muffled heart sounds (Beck's triad) suggest cardiac tamponade. Blood in the pericardial space compresses the heart and needs urgent drainage.
答え
C · Cardiac tamponade
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
これが答えになる理由
Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and can cause tetany, laryngospasm and seizures. The nurse reports the result, keeps the patient safe with seizure precautions and expects calcium replacement. The other measures fit hypercalcemia.確認に用いた資料:Hypoparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
C · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Low potassium, high bicarbonate and high amylase
これが答えになる理由
Repeated vomiting causes hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis (high bicarbonate) from the loss of stomach acid. Enlarged salivary glands can raise salivary amylase. Hypokalemia can cause dangerous arrhythmias, so it is monitored and corrected.確認に用いた資料:Bulimia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
B · Low potassium, high bicarbonate and high amylase
11.薬理学
答え: B · Use the salbutamol first, wait a few minutes, then use the steroid
これが答えになる理由
The bronchodilator opens the airways so that the inhaled steroid can reach further into the lungs. A short wait between the inhalers is usually advised.
答え
B · Use the salbutamol first, wait a few minutes, then use the steroid
12.薬理学
答え: C · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
これが答えになる理由
Disulfiram reactions can occur with small amounts of alcohol in mouthwash, cough syrups, sauces or aftershave. Patients are taught to check labels and avoid all alcohol-containing products.
答え
C · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Intravenous magnesium sulfate
これが答えになる理由
Torsades de pointes is treated with IV magnesium, plus correction of low potassium and stopping drugs that prolong the QT interval. If the patient loses their pulse, defibrillation is needed. Potassium must never be given as an IV bolus.
答え
C · Intravenous magnesium sulfate
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Acute stent thrombosis
これが答えになる理由
Acute stent thrombosis presents with recurrent ischaemic pain and ST elevation, and needs emergency return to the catheter laboratory. Missed antiplatelet doses are a major risk factor, which is why dual antiplatelet adherence is emphasised.
答え
A · Acute stent thrombosis
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · SSRI antidepressants
これが答えになる理由
SSRIs such as sertraline and citalopram can cause SIADH, particularly in older adults. Carbamazepine, some antipsychotics and some chemotherapy drugs are other causes. Sodium is checked if symptoms appear.
答え
C · SSRI antidepressants
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · A pre-renal cause, with kidneys holding salt and water
これが答えになる理由
In pre-renal AKI, the tubules work normally and conserve sodium and water, so urine sodium is low and urine is concentrated. In acute tubular necrosis, damaged tubules cannot conserve sodium, so urine sodium is higher.
答え
B · A pre-renal cause, with kidneys holding salt and water
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · To stop the inner bumper becoming buried in the stomach wall
これが答えになる理由
Buried bumper syndrome occurs when the internal fixator embeds in the gastric wall. Following local guidance, the tube is gently advanced, rotated and returned once healed, and the external fixator is kept slightly loose.
答え
A · To stop the inner bumper becoming buried in the stomach wall
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · A fistula between the colon and the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Pneumaturia and faecaluria suggest a colovesical fistula, a recognised complication of diverticulitis (and Crohn's disease or cancer). Recurrent urinary infections are common, and surgery is usually needed.
答え
C · A fistula between the colon and the bladder
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · It is hormone-free and very effective
これが答えになる理由
The copper IUD contains no hormones, does not affect milk supply and is highly effective for many years. It does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
答え
B · It is hormone-free and very effective
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · It may be a sign of an underlying spinal defect
これが答えになる理由
A sacral dimple with a hair tuft, swelling or skin change may indicate spina bifida occulta or a tethered cord. It should be reported, and spinal ultrasound is often arranged.
答え
A · It may be a sign of an underlying spinal defect
21.小児看護
答え: C · More fibre and fluids, a regular toilet time after meals and laxatives if prescribed
これが答えになる理由
Management of functional constipation combines diet (fibre, fluids), regular unhurried toilet sitting after meals, praise-based behaviour support and prescribed laxatives. Withholding stool at school worsens it.
答え
C · More fibre and fluids, a regular toilet time after meals and laxatives if prescribed
22.小児看護
答え: A · Listen calmly, praise her for telling, explain it must be shared, and follow safeguarding
これが答えになる理由
The nurse listens without showing shock, reassures the child, avoids leading questions, records her words accurately and explains that people who can help need to know. The concern is reported at once through the safeguarding procedure.
答え
A · Listen calmly, praise her for telling, explain it must be shared, and follow safeguarding
23.精神看護
答え: D · The expected benefits, the main risks and the alternatives, including no treatment
これが答えになる理由
Valid consent requires that the patient has capacity, has enough information about benefits, risks and alternatives, and decides voluntarily. A mental illness does not automatically remove capacity.
答え
D · The expected benefits, the main risks and the alternatives, including no treatment
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 6 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
計算する
D = 6000/60 = 100 mcg/min
答え
D = 100 mcg/min
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 133 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
投与量
D = 100·1.33 = 133 mg
答え
D = 133 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.43 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
37.4/2.2 = 17 kg
投与量
1·17 = 17 mg
体積
V = (17/40)·1 = 0.425 ≈ 0.43 mL
答え
V = 0.43 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 225 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
25·60/20 = 75 mL/h
体積
V = 75·3 = 225 mL
答え
V = 225 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: Δ = 10 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
これは独自の練習教材です。ExamProblems はこの試験を実施する団体とは提携しておらず、その承認も受けていません。試験名は内容を説明するためにのみ使用しています。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN®はthe National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN)の商標です。同団体はExamProblemsと提携しておらず、推奨も正確性の保証もしていません。