Why should reddened skin over a bony area not be massaged?
AMassage can damage the deeper tissues further
BMassage hides early signs of infection
CMassage is only allowed when done by a physiotherapist
DMassage makes the redness spread to other areas
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
An older patient's leg wound has become more painful and has a new unpleasant smell, but there is no fever. What does this suggest?
AAn allergy to the dressing that needs no action
BNormal healing, because there is no fever and the wound is still closed
CA possible wound infection that needs assessment and reporting
DThe wound has dried out and needs to be left open
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
台の上で滅菌パックを開けるとき、最初に開くのはどのフラップですか?
A看護師に最も近いフラップ
Bすべてのフラップを一度に
C最も手が届きやすい側のフラップ
D看護師から最も遠いフラップ
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
硬膜外注入での投与経路の誤りを最もよく防ぐ行動はどれですか?
A硬膜外ラインに表示をつけ、専用のポンプで管理する
B硬膜外ポートが詰まったら、空いている静脈ポートを使う
C患者のすべての注入に、同じ種類のポンプとチューブを使う
Dきれいにまとめるため、すべてのラインをテープで束ねる
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Which telephone call should a clinic nurse return first?
AA parent of a 5-year-old with a runny nose for two days
BAn adult who wants to move a routine blood test appointment
CA parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
DAn adult asking for a repeat prescription for a statin
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient on a cardiac monitor suddenly becomes unresponsive, and the monitor shows ventricular fibrillation. What is the priority once help has been called?
ARecord a full 12-lead ECG to confirm the rhythm before doing anything else at all
BGive an oral antiarrhythmic tablet and recheck the rhythm in five minutes
CDefibrillate as soon as the defibrillator is available, with CPR until then
DCheck the blood potassium level before any shock is considered
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A rising serum creatinine most often indicates:
ADehydration of the skin only
BImproved liver function
CIncreased muscle strength
DReduced kidney function
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why can sepsis be missed in older adults?
AThey may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
BOlder adults cannot develop sepsis because their immune system is weaker
COlder adults always have a very high fever
DBlood tests are not useful in older people
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient receiving chemotherapy has an ANC of 300/µL and a new temperature of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F). What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage oral fluids and record the fever in the chart
BGive acetaminophen (paracetamol) and recheck the temperature in 4 hours
CRemove extra blankets and offer a tepid sponge bath
DReport it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with blood pressure that is hard to control has a potassium of 2.9 mEq/L, a sodium of 144 mEq/L and a raised serum bicarbonate, without taking a diuretic. Which condition is most likely?
ASyndrome of inappropriate ADH
BCentral diabetes insipidus
CPrimary adrenal insufficiency
DPrimary hyperaldosteronism
11.薬理学ふつう
Why is hypovolaemia corrected with IV fluids before or while starting a vasopressor?
AFluids stop the vasopressor causing a fever
BVasopressors only work when they are diluted in large fluid volumes
CVasopressors cause the patient to retain too much fluid
DVasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with an epidural infusion of local anaesthetic becomes hypotensive. What is the most likely mechanism?
AThe epidural catheter has caused heavy bleeding
BThe local anaesthetic causes a severe allergic reaction
CThe drug increases urine output and causes dehydration
DBlockade of sympathetic nerves causes vasodilation
CIt forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
DIt blocks histamine receptors on parietal cells
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient with small cell lung cancer is confused and drowsy. Sodium is 118 mmol/L and the urine is highly concentrated. Which complication is likely?
ADiabetes insipidus
BTumour lysis syndrome
CHypercalcaemia of malignancy
DSIADH
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman with hypothyroidism becomes pregnant. What usually happens to her levothyroxine needs?
AShe switches to iodine tablets instead
BThey decrease to zero, so she stops the drug
CThey stay the same, so no monitoring is needed
DThey usually rise, so levels are checked early
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman 5 hours after birth had a large blood loss and now has a heart rate of 128/min, blood pressure of 88/50 mmHg and cold hands. Which action is most important?
AGive her a hot drink and recheck in an hour
BAsk her to walk to improve circulation
CEncourage her to breastfeed to contract the uterus
DCall for urgent help and start fluid resuscitation
21.小児看護ふつう
Which early sign may tell a child with haemophilia that a joint bleed is starting?
Which treatment is recommended first-line for chronic insomnia in adults?
ADrinking alcohol in the evening to fall asleep
BCognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
CStaying in bed for longer each morning
DLong-term daily benzodiazepines
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man is found in a city far from home. He cannot remember who he is or how he got there, but his speech and thinking are otherwise normal. Tests show no head injury or intoxication. What is most likely?
ADelirium
BA manic episode with poor judgement and impulsive travel
CAlzheimer's disease
DDissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 注射の投与量の計算結果は 11.6097 mL です。 この練習問題のルールは「1 mL以上の容量は、mLの小数第1位に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
11.6097 mL
x = mL
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 22:40 に始まり、翌朝の 08:15 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何分 t 続きましたか。
22:4008:15
t = min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 62 kg の患者の体表面積は 1.47 m² です。処方は 250 mg/m² です。用量 D を mg で求めなさい。
62 kgBSA = 1.47 m²250 mg/m²
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
20%(w/v)の原液から 0.5%(w/v)の溶液を 500 mL 調製する必要があります。 原液は何 mL V₁ 必要ですか?
C₁ = 20%C₂ = 0.5%V₂ = 500 mL
V₁ = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
点滴が 15 滴/mL のセットで 30 滴/分で落ちています。患者は 12 時間に何ミリリットル V 受け取りますか?
30 gtt/min15 gtt/mL12 h
V = mL
30.点滴速度むずかしい
50 mg を 250 mL に含む輸液が 15 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 分あたり何マイクログラム D を受け取りますか?
50 mg/250 mL15 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには 250 mL 中にヘパリン 25 000 単位が含まれています。体重 82 kg の患者に 15 単位/kg/h の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
25 000 個/250 mL15 個/kg/h82 kg
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dopamine 400 mg が 250 mL 中に含まれています。体重 91 kg の患者に 8 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
400 mg/250 mL8 mcg/kg/min91 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。
答え: A · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further
これが答えになる理由
Massaging red, pressure-damaged areas can tear small blood vessels and worsen tissue damage. Pressure is relieved by repositioning instead.
答え
A · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · A possible wound infection that needs assessment and reporting
これが答えになる理由
Increasing pain, odour, new exudate or delayed healing can signal infection even without fever, especially in older adults. The wound is assessed, the change reported and a swab taken if policy advises.
答え
C · A possible wound infection that needs assessment and reporting
答え: C · A parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
これが答えになる理由
A fever in an infant under about 3 months old needs urgent assessment, because serious bacterial infection is more likely and signs can be subtle. The other calls are routine.
答え
C · A parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Defibrillate as soon as the defibrillator is available, with CPR until then
これが答えになる理由
Ventricular fibrillation is a shockable cardiac arrest rhythm. Early defibrillation, with high-quality CPR until the shock is given, is the most important treatment.
答え
C · Defibrillate as soon as the defibrillator is available, with CPR until then
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Reduced kidney function
これが答えになる理由
Creatinine is a muscle waste product filtered by the kidneys. A rise shows the glomerular filtration rate is falling, as in acute kidney injury.
答え
D · Reduced kidney function
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · They may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
これが答えになる理由
Older people may have a normal or low temperature and present with delirium, falls or general decline. Early warning scores and a high index of suspicion are important.
答え
A · They may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Report it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
これが答えになる理由
Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency, because infection can progress to sepsis rapidly without the usual signs of inflammation. Blood cultures are taken and broad-spectrum antibiotics are started promptly as prescribed.確認に用いた資料:Watch Out for Fever · CDC (2024); What You Need to Know: Neutropenia and Risk for Infection · CDC
答え
D · Report it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Primary hyperaldosteronism
これが答えになる理由
Excess aldosterone causes sodium and water retention (hypertension), potassium loss (hypokalemia) and hydrogen ion loss (metabolic alkalosis). Adrenal insufficiency causes the opposite pattern, with low sodium and high potassium.確認に用いた資料:Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Alkalosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答え
D · Primary hyperaldosteronism
11.薬理学
答え: D · Vasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
これが答えになる理由
Vasoconstriction without adequate volume reduces organ blood flow and can cause ischaemia. Fluid resuscitation restores preload, and vasopressors are then used for persistent hypotension.
答え
D · Vasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
12.薬理学
答え: D · Blockade of sympathetic nerves causes vasodilation
これが答えになる理由
Epidural local anaesthetics block sympathetic fibres as well as sensory nerves. This dilates blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, so fluids, position changes or vasopressors may be needed.
答え
D · Blockade of sympathetic nerves causes vasodilation
答え: A · Strict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water
これが答えになる理由
Patients with DI can become dehydrated and hypernatraemic quickly. Strict input and output, daily weights, sodium monitoring and access to water are essential. Desmopressin replaces the missing ADH in cranial DI.
答え
A · Strict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water
答え: C · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
これが答えになる理由
Sucralfate binds to the ulcer base and forms a barrier against acid and pepsin. It works best on an empty stomach and can reduce the absorption of other drugs, so doses are separated.
答え
C · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · SIADH
これが答えになる理由
Small cell lung cancer can secrete ADH, causing water retention, dilutional hyponatraemia and inappropriately concentrated urine. Management includes fluid restriction and careful correction of sodium to avoid osmotic demyelination.
答え
D · SIADH
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · They usually rise, so levels are checked early
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine needs usually rise in pregnancy. Thyroid function is checked as soon as pregnancy is confirmed and regularly afterwards, because untreated hypothyroidism can affect fetal brain development.
答え
D · They usually rise, so levels are checked early
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Call for urgent help and start fluid resuscitation
これが答えになる理由
Tachycardia, hypotension and cool peripheries indicate hypovolaemic shock. Help is called, IV access secured, fluids and blood given as prescribed, and the cause of bleeding treated.
答え
D · Call for urgent help and start fluid resuscitation
21.小児看護
答え: B · Tingling or warmth in the joint
これが答えになる理由
Many children with haemophilia feel tingling, warmth or tightness in a joint before pain, swelling and reduced movement develop. Treating early with factor replacement limits joint damage.
答え
B · Tingling or warmth in the joint
22.小児看護
答え: D · 急性胸部症候群(緊急事態)
これが答えになる理由
急性胸部症候群は、胸痛、発熱、呼吸器症状、低酸素、胸部 X 線の新たな変化を起こします。鎌状赤血球症の主な死因の 1 つで、緊急の治療が必要です。
答え
D · 急性胸部症候群(緊急事態)
23.精神看護
答え: B · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
これが答えになる理由
CBT-I combines sleep education, stimulus control, sleep restriction and work on unhelpful beliefs about sleep. It has lasting effects and fewer risks than long-term sleeping tablets.
答え
B · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
24.精神看護
答え: D · Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue
これが答えになる理由
In dissociative fugue, the person travels away and cannot recall their identity or past, usually after a stressful event. Medical causes such as head injury, seizures and substances must be ruled out first.
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
投与量
D = 250·1.47 = 367.5 mg
答え
D = 367.5 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 12.5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
原液の量
V₁ = 0.5·500/20 = 12.5 mL
答え
V₁ = 12.5 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 1440 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
30·60/15 = 120 mL/h
体積
V = 120·12 = 1440 mL
答え
V = 1440 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: D = 50 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 36 個、1500 ÷ 36 ≈ 42 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.44 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.72 秒、83 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.08 秒で幅が狭い(0.12 秒未満)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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