An older man has sudden severe abdominal and back pain, is hypotensive and has a pulsating mass in the abdomen. What should be suspected?
AAcute gastritis from anti-inflammatory drugs
BMusculoskeletal back pain
CRenal colic from a kidney stone
DA ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Why is a blood β-hydroxybutyrate level often preferred to a urine ketone dipstick in DKA?
AIt is the only test that can measure glucose and ketones together
BIt shows the average ketone level over the past three months
CThe urine dipstick only detects ketones in people without diabetes
DIt measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
Four results arrive at the same time. Which patient should the nurse see first?
AHemoglobin 10.4 g/dL (104 g/L) in a patient with stable chronic kidney disease
BGlucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L) in a patient who had insulin an hour ago
CWhite cell count 12.0 × 10³/µL on the first day after surgery
DINR 2.6 in a patient on warfarin for atrial fibrillation
11.薬理学ふつう
Bethanechol may be used for non-obstructive urinary retention. How does it work?
AIt shrinks the prostate gland
BIt increases urine production in the kidney
CIt blocks muscarinic receptors and relaxes the bladder wall muscle
DIt stimulates muscarinic receptors and contracts the bladder muscle
12.薬理学むずかしい
Two days after starting chemotherapy for a leukaemia with a high white cell count, a patient has reduced urine output. Which lab pattern suggests tumour lysis syndrome?
ALow potassium, low phosphate, low uric acid and high calcium
BNormal electrolytes with a high haemoglobin
CHigh potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
DHigh sodium, high glucose and low potassium
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why is a non-selective beta-blocker such as propranolol usually avoided in a patient with asthma?
AIt raises the heart rate sharply during an acute asthma attack
BIt thickens airway mucus by drying the airways
CIt can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
DIt makes inhaled corticosteroids work too strongly
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
朝のジゴキシン投与の前に、患者の心尖拍動が54/分で、吐き気があります。看護師はどうすべきですか?
A投与して制吐薬も与え、明日脈拍を再確認する
B半量を投与し、1時間後に脈拍を再確認する
C橈骨動脈の脈拍だけが数えられるので、投与する
D投与を保留して報告する(中毒の可能性があるため)
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
高血糖高浸透圧状態(HHS)について正しい記述はどれですか?
A主に2型糖尿病の高齢者に、数日かけて起こる
B数分で発症し、DKAより危険性は低い
C必ず血中ケトンの上昇と重度の代謝性アシドーシスを起こす
D主に1型糖尿病の幼児にみられる
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with SIADH needs IV fluid. Which fluid is most likely to worsen the hyponatraemia?
The nurse notices that she is spending much longer with one patient than with the others and feels she is the only one who can help him. What does this most likely indicate?
ATransference by the patient towards the nurse, which is never the nurse's concern
BThat the patient needs to be transferred to another unit
CPossible boundary problems that she should discuss in supervision
DAn ideal therapeutic relationship
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient asks the nurse to pray with her before her ECT. The nurse does not share her religion. What is the most appropriate response?
AIgnore the request politely and change the subject to the procedure itself
BTell her that religion has no place in hospital care
CTry to persuade her to adopt the nurse's own beliefs
DRespect the request, join in if comfortable, and offer to call the chaplain
答え: B · Step away from the patient or wear a lead apron during the exposure
これが答えになる理由
Radiation exposure falls quickly with distance. Staff leave the immediate area or wear a lead apron, and anyone who must hold a patient wears protective clothing.
答え
B · Step away from the patient or wear a lead apron during the exposure
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Droplet precautions
これが答えになる理由
Pneumonic plague spreads from person to person by respiratory droplets, so droplet precautions are used until the patient has had effective antibiotics for the period set by policy. Bubonic plague without lung involvement needs standard precautions.
A ruptured AAA classically presents with pain, shock and a pulsatile mass. It is a surgical emergency needing immediate senior help and transfer to theatre.
答え
D · A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · It measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it
これが答えになる理由
In DKA, β-hydroxybutyrate is the main ketone, but most urine dipsticks detect acetoacetate, so they can underestimate ketosis. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate gives a current value that is also useful to monitor recovery.
答え
D · It measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L) in a patient who had insulin an hour ago
これが答えになる理由
Hypoglycemia after insulin can quickly cause seizures and loss of consciousness, so it is treated first. Mild anemia in CKD is expected, an INR of 2.6 is within the target range, and a slightly raised white count is common after surgery.
答え
B · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L) in a patient who had insulin an hour ago
11.薬理学
答え: D · It stimulates muscarinic receptors and contracts the bladder muscle
これが答えになる理由
Bethanechol mimics acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, contracting the detrusor muscle. It must not be used if there is mechanical obstruction to outflow.
答え
D · It stimulates muscarinic receptors and contracts the bladder muscle
12.薬理学
答え: C · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
これが答えになる理由
Rapid tumour cell death releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (which become uric acid). Phosphate binds calcium, lowering it; prevention includes IV fluids and drugs that lower uric acid.
答え
C · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · It can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
これが答えになる理由
Beta-2 receptors in the airways mediate bronchodilation. Blocking them can trigger severe bronchospasm in asthma and also blunts the effect of salbutamol. Cardioselective beta-1 blockers are safer but still used with caution.
答え
C · It can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
5% glucose (5% dextrose, D5W) provides free water once the glucose is metabolised. In SIADH, this water is kept, so sodium falls further. Hypotonic fluids are avoided. Hypertonic saline is used for severe symptomatic hyponatraemia.
答え: D · It is injected under the skin; report unusual bleeding
これが答えになる理由
Low molecular weight heparin is given subcutaneously and is compatible with breastfeeding. She should rotate sites, not rub them, and report bleeding or unusual bruising.
答え
D · It is injected under the skin; report unusual bleeding
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
これが答えになる理由
In monochorionic twins, unbalanced vascular connections can shunt blood from one twin to the other. The recipient becomes overloaded with polyhydramnios, while the donor has low fluid and growth restriction.
答え
D · Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
21.小児看護
答え: B · To let the child express fears and gain a sense of control
これが答えになる理由
Therapeutic or medical play lets children explore equipment, act out procedures and show feelings they cannot put into words. It reduces anxiety and helps staff correct misunderstandings.
答え
B · To let the child express fears and gain a sense of control
答え: C · Possible boundary problems that she should discuss in supervision
これが答えになる理由
Feeling special or indispensable to one patient, and giving them extra time, are warning signs of over-involvement. Discussing this in clinical supervision helps the nurse keep a therapeutic relationship.
答え
C · Possible boundary problems that she should discuss in supervision
24.精神看護
答え: D · Respect the request, join in if comfortable, and offer to call the chaplain
これが答えになる理由
Supporting spiritual needs can reduce distress. The nurse can respond with respect within her own comfort, and refer to chaplaincy or faith leaders, without imposing her own beliefs.
答え
D · Respect the request, join in if comfortable, and offer to call the chaplain
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 15 mcg/min × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 15·60/1000 = 0.9 mg/h
答え
D = 0.9 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 30 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
5·12 = 60 mg
1 回あたり
D = 60/2 = 30 mg
答え
D = 30 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 2.4 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
15·8 = 120 mg
体積
V = (120/250)·5 = 2.4 mL
答え
V = 2.4 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 50 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
1 分あたりのミリリットル
150/60 = 2.5 mL/min
滴下速度
R = 2.5·20 = 50 gtt/min
答え
R = 50 gtt/min
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 15 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).