Why might a nurse use silence during a conversation with a patient?
AIt lets the nurse plan the next task
BIt gives the patient time to think and say more
CIt ends the conversation politely
DIt shows the patient that the nurse is busy and wants to move on
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
At the start of a shift, which task should the nurse do first?
AOrder supplies for the ward store room
BUpdate the ward whiteboard with the names of all the new patients
CGive the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
DChange the bed linen of a patient who is going home
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient is booked for an MRI scan. What must the nurse check beforehand?
AWhether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker
BWhether the patient’s blood glucose has been in the normal range today
CWhether the patient has eaten a large meal recently
DWhether the patient has had a hearing test this year
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
While preparing a chemotherapy infusion, the drug splashes onto a nurse’s forearm. What should the nurse do first?
AWipe the skin with an alcohol swab and continue preparing the infusion
BRemove contaminated PPE and wash the skin with soap and water at once
CCover the area with a dressing and report later
DFinish hanging the infusion and then wash the skin
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
On day 3 after hip surgery, a patient suddenly becomes short of breath with sharp chest pain and an SpO₂ of 88%. What should the nurse do first?
AGive the next dose of oral analgesia and reassess the patient in an hour
BEncourage the patient to walk to improve the circulation
CRaise the head of the bed, give oxygen and call for urgent help
DMassage the patient’s calves to ease any muscle cramp
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A nurse has a needlestick injury from a used needle. What should the nurse do first?
ASqueeze the wound hard and suck it
BFinish the shift and report it tomorrow
CScrub the area with bleach
DWash the area with soap and water
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Why are patients advised to rinse their mouth after using an inhaled corticosteroid?
ATo stop the drug from being absorbed in the lungs
BTo reduce the risk of oral thrush
CTo prevent tooth decay from the sugar in it
DTo make the drug work faster
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Three days after bowel surgery, a patient has a distended abdomen, vomiting and absent bowel sounds, without colicky pain. What is most likely?
ANormal recovery after surgery
BAcute cholecystitis
CA urinary tract infection
DParalytic ileus
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Which change in clotting tests is normal in late pregnancy?
APlatelets rise above 600 × 10³/µL
BaPTT doubles from baseline
CFibrinogen and D-dimer rise
DINR rises to about 3.0
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on long-term amiodarone has fatigue and weight gain. TSH is 11 mIU/L and the free T4 is low. What is the most likely explanation?
AAmiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism
BA normal response to amiodarone needing no action
CAmiodarone-induced hypothyroidism
DSecondary hypothyroidism from pituitary failure
11.薬理学ふつう
Why is simvastatin traditionally taken in the evening?
AIt causes too much drowsiness to be taken in the morning
BIt must be taken with the largest meal of the day
CIt is short-acting, and cholesterol synthesis peaks at night
DIt is inactivated by sunlight during the day
12.薬理学むずかしい
Two days after starting chemotherapy for a leukaemia with a high white cell count, a patient has reduced urine output. Which lab pattern suggests tumour lysis syndrome?
AHigh sodium, high glucose and low potassium
BHigh potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
CNormal electrolytes with a high haemoglobin
DLow potassium, low phosphate, low uric acid and high calcium
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient on theophylline develops nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate and restlessness. What should the nurse suspect?
Why is hearing screening done in the newborn period?
ATo diagnose ear infections before discharge
BTo check whether the baby will need glasses later in childhood
CEarly detection allows support that protects language development
DBecause hearing loss always causes balance problems
22.小児看護むずかしい
A child with nephrotic syndrome develops a painful, swollen leg. What should the nurse suspect?
AOrdinary oedema from the illness
BDeep vein thrombosis
CA muscle strain from walking
DAn allergic reaction to steroids
23.精神看護ふつう
身体拘束の使用に当てはまる原則はどれですか?
Aルール違反の罰として使える
B記録し、あとでチームが振り返るなら、忙しい勤務帯での職員の都合で使える
C記録する必要はない
Dより制限の少ない手段が失敗したときの最後の手段で、綿密に観察し、安全になり次第ただちに解除する
24.精神看護むずかしい
A 50-year-old man has believed for a year that his wife is unfaithful. He works normally, his speech is organised and he has no hallucinations. Which diagnosis is most likely?
答え: B · It gives the patient time to think and say more
これが答えになる理由
Therapeutic silence gives the patient space to gather their thoughts and express feelings, especially about difficult topics. It is used with attentive body language.
答え
B · It gives the patient time to think and say more
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
これが答えになる理由
In sepsis antibiotics are time-critical, and every hour of delay increases the risk of death. Routine tasks are done afterwards.
答え
C · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Whether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker
これが答えになる理由
The MRI magnet can move or heat metal objects and can stop some implanted devices from working. Patients are screened for implants, pacemakers, metal fragments and metal items such as jewelry before entering the scanner room.
答え
A · Whether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Remove contaminated PPE and wash the skin with soap and water at once
これが答えになる理由
Skin exposure to hazardous drugs is washed immediately with soap and water after removing contaminated gloves or gown. The exposure is then reported and treated according to policy.
答え
B · Remove contaminated PPE and wash the skin with soap and water at once
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Raise the head of the bed, give oxygen and call for urgent help
これが答えになる理由
Sudden breathlessness and chest pain after surgery suggest a pulmonary embolism. The nurse supports breathing with positioning and oxygen and escalates at once; walking or leg massage could make things worse.
答え
C · Raise the head of the bed, give oxygen and call for urgent help
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Wash the area with soap and water
これが答えになる理由
The wound is washed with soap and water at once. The nurse then reports the injury immediately so the source patient can be tested and post-exposure treatment considered.
答え
D · Wash the area with soap and water
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · To reduce the risk of oral thrush
これが答えになる理由
Inhaled steroid deposited in the mouth and throat can cause oral candidiasis and a hoarse voice. Rinsing and using a spacer reduce this.
答え
B · To reduce the risk of oral thrush
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · Paralytic ileus
これが答えになる理由
Paralytic ileus is a temporary loss of gut movement, common after abdominal surgery. Bowel sounds are absent, unlike mechanical obstruction where they are often high-pitched. Management includes nil by mouth, NG decompression, fluids and correcting electrolytes.
答え
D · Paralytic ileus
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Fibrinogen and D-dimer rise
これが答えになる理由
Pregnancy increases clotting factors and fibrinogen and raises the D-dimer, which helps prevent bleeding at delivery but raises the risk of clots. Because D-dimer is normally raised, it is less useful for excluding DVT in pregnancy.確認に用いた資料:D-dimer Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Fibrinogen and D-dimer rise
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism
これが答えになる理由
Amiodarone is rich in iodine and can cause either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. A high TSH with a low free T4 shows primary hypothyroidism, so thyroid function is monitored before and during therapy; liver tests are monitored too.確認に用いた資料:Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism
11.薬理学
答え: C · It is short-acting, and cholesterol synthesis peaks at night
これが答えになる理由
The liver makes most cholesterol overnight, and short-acting statins such as simvastatin work best when taken in the evening. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin can be taken at any time of day.
答え
C · It is short-acting, and cholesterol synthesis peaks at night
12.薬理学
答え: B · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
これが答えになる理由
Rapid tumour cell death releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (which become uric acid). Phosphate binds calcium, lowering it; prevention includes IV fluids and drugs that lower uric acid.
答え
B · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Theophylline toxicity
これが答えになる理由
Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic window. Toxicity causes nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, arrhythmias, agitation and seizures. Levels are monitored, and many drugs and smoking status change its clearance. The nurse should hold the dose and report.
Hypertension is both a cause and a result of CKD. Controlling it, often with an ACE inhibitor or ARB when albuminuria is present, slows the loss of kidney function and reduces cardiovascular risk.
答え
B · It slows the decline in kidney function
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · It depends on how long red blood cells survive in the blood
これが答えになる理由
HbA1c reflects glucose exposure over the lifespan of red cells. If red cells are destroyed early, or donor cells are added, the result may not match true average glucose. Glucose monitoring or other tests may be used instead.
答え
C · It depends on how long red blood cells survive in the blood
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Awake, with a clear airway, stable observations and controlled pain
これが答えになる理由
Discharge criteria include a protected airway, adequate breathing and oxygen saturation, stable vital signs, acceptable pain and nausea control, and no active bleeding, as set by local recovery criteria.
答え
D · Awake, with a clear airway, stable observations and controlled pain
答え: C · Early detection allows support that protects language development
これが答えになる理由
Permanent hearing loss is often not obvious in babies. Screening allows diagnosis and support, such as hearing aids, within the first months, which greatly improves speech and language outcomes.
答え
C · Early detection allows support that protects language development
22.小児看護
答え: B · Deep vein thrombosis
これが答えになる理由
Nephrotic syndrome causes a hypercoagulable state through loss of anticoagulant proteins, raised clotting factors and haemoconcentration. A painful, swollen limb suggests thrombosis and needs urgent medical review.
答え
B · Deep vein thrombosis
23.精神看護
答え: D · より制限の少ない手段が失敗したときの最後の手段で、綿密に観察し、安全になり次第ただちに解除する
D · より制限の少ない手段が失敗したときの最後の手段で、綿密に観察し、安全になり次第ただちに解除する
24.精神看護
答え: C · Delusional disorder
これが答えになる理由
Delusional disorder involves one or more delusions for at least 1 month, without other prominent symptoms of schizophrenia, and functioning is not markedly impaired apart from the effects of the delusion. Jealous delusions are one recognised type.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 40 個、1500 ÷ 40 ≈ 38 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.60 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.80 秒、75 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.12 秒で幅広(0.12 秒以上)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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