A patient wants to use their own electric hair dryer in the hospital. What is correct?
AIt can be plugged into an extension lead under the bed
BIt can be used in the bathroom near the sink if the patient is careful
CIt can be used straight away if it looks new
DIt is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
抗がん剤の入ったバッグが漏れて床にこぼれました。最初の対応は何ですか?
A乾くまで放置し、勤務の終わりに片付ける
Bペーパータオルと素手ですばやく拭き取る
C清掃員にいつものモップで拭いてもらう
Dスピルキットの防護具を着用し、こぼれた薬液を封じ込める
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Using the Emergency Severity Index, which level fits a 70-year-old with chest pressure that suggests a heart attack, but normal vital signs?
ALevel 2
BLevel 1
CLevel 5
DLevel 4
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
頭部外傷と下肢の骨折のある患者をモニタリングしています。優先すべき所見はどれですか?
A患者が何か食べたいと言う
B肘の小さな擦り傷
Cグラスゴー・コーマ・スケールのスコアが 15 から 12 に低下した
D最後の鎮痛薬にもかかわらず、下肢の痛みが 6/10 である
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which of these is a non-drug measure that can help relieve pain?
AKeeping the patient awake all night
BRestricting visitors completely
CRepositioning and distraction
DTelling the patient that the pain is not real
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Which feature best distinguishes delirium from dementia?
ADelirium only affects people under 50, while dementia affects older people
BDelirium starts suddenly and fluctuates, while dementia develops gradually
CDelirium is permanent, while dementia is reversible
DDementia always causes visual hallucinations
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with hyperkalemia is prescribed an oral potassium binder such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. How does this drug lower potassium?
AIt moves potassium into cells in the next few minutes
BIt binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
CIt protects the heart muscle against high potassium levels
DIt stops the kidneys from absorbing water in the tubules
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?
AGlomerulonephritis
BNephrotic syndrome
CAcute pyelonephritis
DSimple cystitis
11.薬理学ふつう
特に若い人で、メトクロプラミドに典型的な副作用はどれですか?
A重い便秘
B急性ジストニアなどの錐体外路性の運動障害
C低血糖
D空咳
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient's record shows anaphylaxis to penicillin. Amoxicillin has been prescribed. What should the nurse do?
AWithhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
BGive the amoxicillin with an antihistamine to prevent a reaction
CGive the amoxicillin, as it belongs to a different antibiotic group
DGive half the dose and observe for a reaction
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
患者に胸の中央の痛みがあり、心電図でSTEMIが認められます。通常、何が必要ですか?
A治療を決める前に、トロポニンの結果を待つ
B入院して翌朝に心電図を再検査する
C緊急の再灌流療法。望ましくは一次PCI
Dβ遮断薬を内服し、痛みが治まれば帰宅させる
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Two days after a coronary stent, a patient on aspirin and ticagrelor has black, tarry stools and feels faint on standing. What should the nurse do?
AReassure the patient that iron tablets cause black stools
BGive a laxative and repeat the observations tomorrow
CStop both antiplatelet drugs permanently on the nurse's own decision
DCheck vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient on peritoneal dialysis has gained weight and has higher glucose levels. Which part of the treatment is the likely cause?
AProtein lost into the dialysis fluid
BSodium lost into the dialysis fluid
CGlucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid
DAir entering the abdomen during exchanges
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?
ATell the patient that crying will slow their recovery
BExplain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
CAsk the doctor for a sedative to stop the outbursts
DIgnore it, because it shows that the patient is seeking attention from the staff
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
What is the main treatment for a venous leg ulcer with an adequate arterial supply?
ACompression therapy
BSurgery to amputate the limb
CStrong oral antibiotics for all ulcers
DKeeping the leg hanging down all day
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
On the morning of elective hip surgery, a patient says she took her usual warfarin last night despite being told to stop. What should the nurse do?
AInform the surgical and anaesthetic teams, who will check the INR
BProceed with the usual checklist and say nothing
CGive a double dose of vitamin K by mouth without waiting for a prescription
DTell her the surgery must be cancelled for a month
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A breastfed baby has jaundice in the first week with poor feeding and few wet nappies. What is the most likely cause?
ASuboptimal intake jaundice
BBreast milk jaundice
CBiliary atresia with obstruction
DABO incompatibility
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman says she was told her non-invasive prenatal test (cell-free DNA) is "high chance" for trisomy 21. Which statement by the nurse is accurate?
AIt is a screening test, so a diagnostic test is offered to confirm it
BA high-chance result means the test should simply be repeated at birth
CThe result is diagnostic and the baby definitely has trisomy 21
DThe test analyses fetal cells from the amniotic fluid
21.小児看護ふつう
A parent asks how to care for a child with mild croup at home. Which advice is correct?
AKeep the child calm and upright, and get urgent help if there is noisy breathing at rest
BGive an over-the-counter cough syrup every hour until the barking cough stops
CLay the child flat in a cool room so the airway can relax
DHold the child over a bowl of hot, steaming water to loosen the cough
22.小児看護むずかしい
The mother of a 5-day-old breastfed baby asks how she can tell her baby is getting enough milk. Which answer is best?
AThe baby should feed for exactly 10 minutes on each side at every feed, day and night
BHer breasts should always feel full and hard between feeds
CAbout 6 or more wet nappies a day, regular yellow stools and steady weight gain
DThe baby should sleep through the night without waking for feeds
23.精神看護ふつう
In families of people with schizophrenia, which pattern of "high expressed emotion" is linked to a higher rate of relapse?
AFrequent criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
BEncouraging the patient to take part in activities
CCalm, supportive and warm communication
DRegular contact with the care team and other families
24.精神看護むずかしい
An 82-year-old started amitriptyline last week. Which finding is most concerning?
ANew confusion and difficulty passing urine
BMild constipation that responds to extra fluids and fibre in the diet
Sterile hands are kept in front of the body, above the waist and within sight, so accidental contamination is noticed. The edge of the field is not sterile.
答え: D · It is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
これが答えになる理由
Electrical items from home can be faulty and cause shocks or fires. Policies usually require them to be inspected before use, and extension cords near patients are avoided.
答え
D · It is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
Possible acute coronary syndrome is a high-risk situation, so the patient is ESI level 2 and should be seen very soon. Level 1 is kept for patients who need an immediate life-saving intervention.
Positioning, heat or cold where safe, relaxation, distraction and explanation can all reduce pain alongside analgesics.
答え
C · Repositioning and distraction
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Delirium starts suddenly and fluctuates, while dementia develops gradually
これが答えになる理由
Delirium develops over hours to days, with fluctuating attention and consciousness, and is often reversible when the cause is treated. Dementia is a gradual, progressive decline. Patients with dementia are at higher risk of delirium.
答え
B · Delirium starts suddenly and fluctuates, while dementia develops gradually
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · It binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
これが答えになる理由
Potassium binders exchange potassium in the gut for another ion, so potassium is removed from the body in the stool. They act over hours, so they are not used alone for emergencies; calcium protects the heart, and insulin with glucose shifts potassium into cells quickly.
答え
B · It binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Acute pyelonephritis
これが答えになる理由
White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.
答え: A · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
これが答えになる理由
Amoxicillin is a penicillin, so it must not be given to someone with penicillin anaphylaxis. The nurse holds the dose, informs the prescriber and makes sure the allergy is clearly recorded.
答え
A · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
答え: D · Check vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
これが答えになる理由
Melaena with postural dizziness suggests upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a risk with dual antiplatelet therapy. The nurse assesses for shock, informs the team urgently and expects bloods, a group and save (type and screen) and possibly endoscopy. Stopping antiplatelets after a stent risks stent thrombosis, so the decision belongs to the medical and cardiology team.
答え
D · Check vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Glucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid
これが答えになる理由
Standard PD fluids contain glucose to pull water out by osmosis. Some glucose is absorbed, adding calories and raising blood glucose. Glucose monitoring and diet advice are needed, and other solutions may be used.
答え
C · Glucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
これが答えになる理由
Emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) is common after stroke: crying or laughter does not match the person's mood. Explaining it, staying calm and gently distracting the patient helps. True depression is also common and should be screened for separately.
答え
B · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Compression therapy
これが答えになる理由
Graduated compression reduces venous hypertension and oedema and speeds healing. Leg elevation, exercise and treating the underlying vein disease also help.
答え
A · Compression therapy
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Inform the surgical and anaesthetic teams, who will check the INR
これが答えになる理由
Recent warfarin may leave the INR too high for safe surgery or a spinal anaesthetic. The team needs to know at once; they check the INR and decide whether to delay or reverse.
答え
A · Inform the surgical and anaesthetic teams, who will check the INR
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Suboptimal intake jaundice
これが答えになる理由
Early jaundice with poor intake is linked to insufficient milk, which slows stooling and increases reabsorption of bilirubin. Support with frequent effective feeds is the main treatment.
答え
A · Suboptimal intake jaundice
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · It is a screening test, so a diagnostic test is offered to confirm it
これが答えになる理由
Cell-free DNA testing analyses placental DNA in the mother's blood. It is very accurate but remains a screening test, so a high-chance result is confirmed by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis.
答え
A · It is a screening test, so a diagnostic test is offered to confirm it
21.小児看護
答え: A · Keep the child calm and upright, and get urgent help if there is noisy breathing at rest
これが答えになる理由
Calm and comfort reduce distress and airway narrowing. Steam inhalation is not effective and risks scalds. Parents should seek urgent help for stridor at rest, retractions, drooling, blue colour or drowsiness.
答え
A · Keep the child calm and upright, and get urgent help if there is noisy breathing at rest
22.小児看護
答え: C · About 6 or more wet nappies a day, regular yellow stools and steady weight gain
これが答えになる理由
After the first few days, signs of good intake include at least about 6 heavy wet nappies a day, frequent yellow stools, contented behaviour after feeds and weight gain. Most babies regain their birth weight by about 2 weeks.
答え
C · About 6 or more wet nappies a day, regular yellow stools and steady weight gain
23.精神看護
答え: A · Frequent criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
これが答えになる理由
High expressed emotion, including criticism, hostility and over-involvement, is associated with relapse. Family psychoeducation and support can reduce it.
答え
A · Frequent criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
24.精神看護
答え: A · New confusion and difficulty passing urine
これが答えになる理由
Tricyclic antidepressants have strong anticholinergic effects. In older adults these can cause urinary retention, delirium and falls, which need prompt review.
休止の間に P 波はなく、休止は P–P の周期の整数倍でもありません:洞停止です。ちょうど 2 周期や 3 周期の休止なら、洞房ブロックを示します。
40.心電図リズムストリップの解釈
答え: 2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 38 個、1500 ÷ 38 ≈ 39 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.52 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.76 秒、79 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.08 秒で幅が狭い(0.12 秒未満)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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