A woman at 28 weeks asks why her heart rate is higher than before pregnancy. Which response is accurate?
AA higher heart rate in pregnancy always points to heart disease
BA rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
CHeart rate normally falls in pregnancy, so this needs urgent review
DThe heart rate rises because blood pressure is much higher in pregnancy
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which postpartum task can be delegated to an assistive staff member (healthcare assistant)?
ATaking vital signs of a stable woman
BEvaluating a woman for signs of postpartum depression
CAssessing the fundus of a woman with heavy bleeding
DTeaching a first-time mother about breastfeeding
21.小児看護ふつう
A child weighs 20 kg. Which minimum urine output suggests adequate kidney perfusion?
AAny amount, as long as the child is drinking
BAbout 2 mL per hour
CAbout 5 mL per hour
DAbout 20 mL per hour
22.小児看護むずかしい
A parent asks why the HPV vaccine is offered in early adolescence (at about 11 to 13 years, depending on the country). Which answer is best?
AIt is given at this age because it prevents chickenpox in adolescence
BIt works best before any exposure to the virus, and young adolescents respond strongly
CIt is only effective if given in the first year of secondary school, before exams start
DChildren of this age are already likely to have the virus, so it treats the infection
23.精神看護ふつう
The nurse notices that she is spending much longer with one patient than with the others and feels she is the only one who can help him. What does this most likely indicate?
APossible boundary problems that she should discuss in supervision
BThat the patient needs to be transferred to another unit
CTransference by the patient towards the nurse, which is never the nurse's concern
DAn ideal therapeutic relationship
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man has odd beliefs about being able to read minds, dresses eccentrically and has few friends because others make him anxious. He has never had sustained hallucinations or delusions. Which diagnosis fits best?
AHistrionic personality disorder with odd dress
BAntisocial personality disorder
CSchizotypal personality disorder
DSchizophrenia
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 117.881 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
117.881 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 処方箋に、経口懸濁液 1日2回 を ½ tbsp、10 日間と書かれています。1 tbsp = 15 mL を用いて、全期間に必要な mL V はいくつですか。
½ tbsp1日2回10 日1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
患者の体重は 80 kg です。指示量は 1 日 2 mg/kg で、4 回に等分して投与します。1 回あたり何 mg D 投与しますか?
80 kg2 mg/kg/日4× 1 日あたり
D = mg
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
点滴は 500 mL 中に薬を 40000 単位含みます。指示は 1 時間あたり 800 単位です。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか?
40000 個/500 mL800 個/h
R = mL/h
29.点滴速度ふつう
点滴が 20 滴/mL のセットで 50 滴/分で落ちています。患者は 2 時間に何ミリリットル V 受け取りますか?
50 gtt/min20 gtt/mL2 h
V = mL
30.点滴速度むずかしい
薬剤 1000 mg を 250 mL に希釈し、20 滴/mL のセットで自然落下で投与します。指示は 1 時間あたり 120 mg です。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1000 mg/250 mL120 mg/h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 輸液には 250 mL 中に速効型インスリン 250 単位が含まれています。体重 86 kg の患者に 0.05 単位/kg/h の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
250 個/250 mL0.05 個/kg/h86 kg
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 99 kg の患者に、norepinephrineを 12 mcg/min で投与する指示が出ています。バッグには 250 mL 中に 8 mg が含まれています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
8 mg/250 mL12 mcg/min99 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 99 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
99 kg8 h尿: 350 mL尿: 475 mL尿: 450 mL尿: 300 mL
U = mL/kg/h
34.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 1000 mL のバッグを 09:00 に開始し、ポンプで 80 mL/h で投与しています。14:00 の時点でバッグには何 mL V 残っていますか?
1000 mL80 mL/h09:00 → 14:00
V = mL
35.臨床アセスメントスコアふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 練習用のチャートに GCS 13、E3、V5 と記録されています。記録された運動反応のスコア M はいくつで、どの反応を表していますか。数字で答えてください。
The patient breathes out, seals the lips round the mouthpiece, presses as they start a slow deep breath in, then holds the breath for about 10 seconds or as long as is comfortable.
答え
A · Hold their breath for about 10 seconds
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · It can cause a fatal cardiac arrest
これが答えになる理由
A sudden rise in blood potassium can stop the heart. IV potassium is given diluted, by a controlled infusion and following strict policy, which is why concentrated forms are tightly controlled.
答え: C · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
これが答えになる理由
Heat stroke is an emergency in which body temperature rises and the brain is affected. Rapid cooling, for example with cold water or ice, is the priority; antipyretics do not work for heat stroke.
答え
C · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Dull percussion and reduced breath sounds over the lung base
これが答えになる理由
Fluid in the pleural space muffles breath sounds and makes percussion stony dull. A large effusion may push the trachea away from the affected side.
答え
D · Dull percussion and reduced breath sounds over the lung base
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · They may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
これが答えになる理由
Older people may have a normal or low temperature and present with delirium, falls or general decline. Early warning scores and a high index of suspicion are important.
答え
C · They may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · An expected effect of the drug
これが答えになる理由
SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, so glycosuria is expected even with normal blood glucose. Urine glucose cannot be used to monitor control in these patients. The drugs also raise the risk of genital infections and DKA.
答え: D · Naloxone may wear off before the opioid does, so breathing can slow again
これが答えになる理由
Naloxone acts for a shorter time than many opioids, especially long-acting and slow-release ones. Repeated doses or an infusion may be needed.
答え
D · Naloxone may wear off before the opioid does, so breathing can slow again
12.薬理学
答え: D · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors and ARBs cause fetal kidney damage, oligohydramnios and other problems, especially later in pregnancy. Drugs such as labetalol, nifedipine or methyldopa are used instead.
答え
D · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · The reading will be falsely high
これが答えになる理由
A cuff that is too small needs a higher pressure to compress the brachial artery, giving a falsely high reading. A cuff that is too large can give a falsely low reading. The bladder should encircle most of the arm, so cuff size is chosen by arm circumference.
答え
C · The reading will be falsely high
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · "I will measure it straight after my morning jog."
これが答えになる理由
Home readings should be taken after resting quietly for about 5 minutes, sitting with back supported, feet flat and the arm supported at heart level, with no recent exercise, caffeine or smoking. Two readings are often recorded. Measuring after exercise gives falsely high results.
答え
C · "I will measure it straight after my morning jog."
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Drink plenty of fluid so the urine stays pale
これが答えになる理由
High fluid intake is the most important measure for preventing stones. Dietary calcium is usually not restricted, because it binds oxalate in the gut. High-dose vitamin C can increase oxalate.
Common causes of perioperative anaphylaxis include neuromuscular blockers, antibiotics, chlorhexidine and latex. Allergies are documented, and suspected reactions are investigated afterwards.
答え: B · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
これが答えになる理由
Blood volume and cardiac output rise in pregnancy, and the resting heart rate typically increases by 10 to 15 beats per minute. Blood pressure usually falls slightly in the second trimester.
答え
B · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Taking vital signs of a stable woman
これが答えになる理由
Routine vital signs for a stable patient can be delegated, with the nurse interpreting results. Assessment, teaching and evaluation of unstable patients are nursing responsibilities.
答え
A · Taking vital signs of a stable woman
21.小児看護
答え: D · About 20 mL per hour
これが答えになる理由
A urine output of at least about 1 mL/kg/hour is generally used as a sign of adequate perfusion in children; for 20 kg this is about 20 mL/hour. Lower output can signal dehydration, shock or kidney problems.
答え
D · About 20 mL per hour
22.小児看護
答え: B · It works best before any exposure to the virus, and young adolescents respond strongly
これが答えになる理由
HPV is passed on through sexual contact, so vaccination is most effective before any exposure. Younger adolescents also produce a strong antibody response. The vaccine protects against HPV types that cause cervical and other cancers and genital warts.
答え
B · It works best before any exposure to the virus, and young adolescents respond strongly
23.精神看護
答え: A · Possible boundary problems that she should discuss in supervision
これが答えになる理由
Feeling special or indispensable to one patient, and giving them extra time, are warning signs of over-involvement. Discussing this in clinical supervision helps the nurse keep a therapeutic relationship.
答え
A · Possible boundary problems that she should discuss in supervision
24.精神看護
答え: C · Schizotypal personality disorder
これが答えになる理由
Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd beliefs, magical thinking, eccentric behaviour and social anxiety. It lies on the schizophrenia spectrum, but without the sustained psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
全投与期間
V = 7.5 mL × 2/日 × 10 = 150 mL
答え
V = 150 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 40 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
2·80 = 160 mg
1 回あたり
D = 160/4 = 40 mg
答え
D = 40 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 10 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
40000/500 = 80 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 800/80 = 10 mL/h
答え
R = 10 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 300 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
50·60/20 = 150 mL/h
体積
V = 150·2 = 300 mL
答え
V = 300 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 10 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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