What is the best way to check that a patient has learned to use an inhaler correctly?
AAsk the patient to show how they use it
BAsk whether they have any questions
CAsk whether they have read the leaflet
DAsk them to repeat the drug's name
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A nurse wants to set up a sterile field in the morning for a procedure that will take place after lunch. What is correct?
ASet it up in the morning and leave it uncovered in an empty room
BSet it up in the morning and cover it with a clean towel until the procedure starts
CSet it up in the morning and ask a colleague to check it once
DSet it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient’s cardiac monitor alarms often because of artifact, and a colleague suggests turning the alarm off. What is the best response?
ADisconnect the monitor overnight so the patient can sleep
BTurn the alarm volume down as low as it will go
CTurn the alarm off and check the monitor screen at the nurses’ station every hour instead
DKeep the alarm on, fix the cause such as electrode placement, and adjust limits only per policy
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
申し送りの後、看護師が最初に診るべき患者はどれですか?
A肺炎で体温 38.2 °C だが、30 分前に解熱薬を投与された患者
B朝食前の血糖が 160 mg/dL(8.9 mmol/L)の糖尿病患者
C股関節置換術の 2 日後で、痛みが 5/10 の患者
D補助呼吸筋を使い、SpO₂ が 88 % の喘息患者
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has full-thickness burns all the way around the chest and is finding it harder to breathe, although the airway is clear. What does this suggest?
AThe patient has had too little IV fluid and needs a fast bolus to improve the breathing
BThe patient is anxious and only needs reassurance
CThe tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
DThe burns are healing and the skin is tightening normally
Which statement about oxygen in a patient with suspected acute coronary syndrome is correct?
AHigh-flow oxygen should always be given, whatever the SpO2
BOxygen must never be given in chest pain
COxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
DOxygen replaces the need for an ECG
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient receiving chemotherapy has an ANC of 300/µL and a new temperature of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F). What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage oral fluids and record the fever in the chart
BReport it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
CGive acetaminophen (paracetamol) and recheck the temperature in 4 hours
DRemove extra blankets and offer a tepid sponge bath
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?
ALow cortisol with a low ACTH
BHigh cortisol with a low ACTH
CHigh cortisol with a high ACTH
DLow cortisol with a high ACTH
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient taking levodopa finds that the drug works poorly after large meals. Which advice is most appropriate?
ATake the drug only at bedtime
BTake every dose with a large glass of milk and a protein snack
CAvoid taking doses at the same time as high-protein meals
BThey inhibit the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver
CThey dissolve fibrin in existing clots
DThey block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Seconds after an intramuscular injection, a patient becomes pale, sweaty and faint, with a heart rate of 48/min. There is no rash, wheeze or swelling, and they recover quickly when laid flat. What is the most likely cause?
AA tension pneumothorax
BAnaphylaxis
CA vasovagal reaction
DA myocardial infarction
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which group of drugs is a well-known cause of SIADH and hyponatraemia, especially in older people?
AProton pump inhibitors
BSSRI antidepressants
CPenicillin antibiotics
DBulk-forming laxatives
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
During haemodialysis, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with chest pain, and air is seen in the line. What should the nurse do first?
AContinue the session and recheck in 30 minutes
BSit the patient upright and give a drink of water
CSpeed up the pump to clear the air into the patient
DClamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
A return demonstration shows whether a psychomotor skill has been learned and lets the nurse correct mistakes. Saying "yes, I understand" does not prove the technique is right.
答え
A · Ask the patient to show how they use it
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Set it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
これが答えになる理由
The longer a sterile field is exposed, the more likely it is to be contaminated, and an unattended field cannot be considered sterile. It is prepared just before use.
答え
D · Set it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Keep the alarm on, fix the cause such as electrode placement, and adjust limits only per policy
これが答えになる理由
Disabling alarms is a known cause of missed deterioration. Alarm fatigue is reduced by fixing causes such as poor skin preparation or old electrodes and by setting individual limits according to orders and policy.
答え
D · Keep the alarm on, fix the cause such as electrode placement, and adjust limits only per policy
答え: C · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
これが答えになる理由
Circumferential full-thickness burns form stiff eschar that can stop the chest expanding. An escharotomy, cutting through the eschar, may be needed urgently to allow breathing.
答え
C · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
答え: C · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
これが答えになる理由
Current guidance recommends oxygen in ACS only for hypoxaemia, as routine oxygen in patients with normal saturations has not been shown to help. Urgent ECG, analgesia and antiplatelet treatment remain priorities.
答え
C · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Report it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
これが答えになる理由
Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency, because infection can progress to sepsis rapidly without the usual signs of inflammation. Blood cultures are taken and broad-spectrum antibiotics are started promptly as prescribed.
答え
B · Report it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
これが答えになる理由
In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.
答え
D · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
11.薬理学
答え: C · Avoid taking doses at the same time as high-protein meals
これが答えになる理由
Dietary amino acids compete with levodopa for absorption in the gut and transport into the brain. Spreading protein through the day or timing doses away from high-protein meals improves the effect.
答え
C · Avoid taking doses at the same time as high-protein meals
答え: D · They block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor
これが答えになる理由
Clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor block the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets, reducing aggregation. With aspirin, they form dual antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndromes and stents. Warfarin inhibits vitamin K-dependent factors; dabigatran inhibits thrombin.
答え
D · They block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · A vasovagal reaction
これが答えになる理由
Vasovagal reactions cause bradycardia, pallor, sweating and fainting, and resolve quickly when lying flat. Anaphylaxis usually causes tachycardia, airway or breathing problems and often skin changes, and does not settle on its own. If in doubt, treat as anaphylaxis.
答え
C · A vasovagal reaction
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · SSRI antidepressants
これが答えになる理由
SSRIs such as sertraline and citalopram can cause SIADH, particularly in older adults. Carbamazepine, some antipsychotics and some chemotherapy drugs are other causes. Sodium is checked if symptoms appear.
答え
B · SSRI antidepressants
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
これが答えになる理由
In suspected air embolism, the blood lines are clamped at once, the pump stopped, and the patient positioned on the left side with the head down to trap air in the right atrium. Oxygen is given and emergency help called.
答え
D · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
答え: C · It needs full breastfeeding, no periods and a baby under 6 months
これが答えになる理由
LAM is effective only if the mother is fully or nearly fully breastfeeding day and night, her periods have not returned and the baby is under 6 months. Ovulation can occur before the first period.
答え
C · It needs full breastfeeding, no periods and a baby under 6 months
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · To reduce the baby's risk of cerebral palsy
これが答えになる理由
Before about 32 weeks, magnesium sulfate given when preterm birth is imminent reduces the risk of cerebral palsy. It is a neuroprotective use, separate from seizure prevention in pre-eclampsia.
答え
A · To reduce the baby's risk of cerebral palsy
21.小児看護
答え: D · Offer a limited choice, such as the cup or the syringe
これが答えになる理由
Toddlers seek autonomy. Giving limited choices where the outcome is acceptable (which cup, which flavour of drink afterwards) gives them some control. Asking whether they want the medicine invites a refusal.
答え
D · Offer a limited choice, such as the cup or the syringe
22.小児看護
答え: C · Deep vein thrombosis
これが答えになる理由
Nephrotic syndrome causes a hypercoagulable state through loss of anticoagulant proteins, raised clotting factors and haemoconcentration. A painful, swollen limb suggests thrombosis and needs urgent medical review.
答え
C · Deep vein thrombosis
23.精神看護
答え: B · They give rapid relief but are generally used only short-term because of tolerance and dependence
これが答えになる理由
Benzodiazepines act quickly by enhancing GABA, but long-term use leads to tolerance, dependence and withdrawal. SSRIs and psychological therapy are first-line long-term treatments for most anxiety disorders.
答え
B · They give rapid relief but are generally used only short-term because of tolerance and dependence
24.精神看護
答え: D · Answer once, then follow the agreed plan to limit repeated reassurance
これが答えになる理由
Seeking reassurance relieves anxiety only briefly and keeps the OCD cycle going. In line with exposure and response prevention, the team agrees to limit reassurance and support the patient to tolerate the anxiety.
答え
D · Answer once, then follow the agreed plan to limit repeated reassurance
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 36.6 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
濃度
0.5% = 5 mg/mL
体積
V = 5/5 = 1 mL
答え
V = 1 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 5.4 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
15·18 = 270 mg
体積
V = (270/250)·5 = 5.4 mL
答え
V = 5.4 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 560 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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