Five days after starting heparin, a patient’s platelet count has fallen by more than half. What should the nurse suspect?
AAn expected effect that needs no action
BHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia
CIron deficiency anemia
DVitamin K deficiency
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
救急部で、すぐに処置室へ行くべき患者はどれですか?
A処方の再発行を求めている 45 歳の患者
B手首を捻挫し、バイタルサインが正常な 25 歳の患者
C20 分前から、胸の圧迫感、発汗、悪心がある 60 歳の患者
D2 日間のどが痛く、体温が 38.0 °C の 30 歳の患者
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient with COPD and known carbon dioxide retention needs a nebulised bronchodilator. How should it usually be given?
AWithout monitoring oxygen saturation
BDriven by high-flow oxygen at 15 L/min for as long as possible
CDriven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
DOnly with the patient lying flat
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly eased, but an hour later has pain all over the abdomen, a rigid abdomen and a fever. What is most likely?
AThe patient has developed gastroenteritis
BThe appendicitis has resolved without treatment
CThe analgesia has started working
DThe appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
患者の絶対好中球数が 0.4 × 10³/µL です。適切な対応はどれですか?
A測定値がより正確なので、直腸で体温を測定する
B厳格な手指衛生、体温の確認、感染症のある面会者をなくすこと
C患者の気分を上げるため、生花を部屋に持ち込む
D肺炎の治療を受けている別の患者と同室にする
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with cirrhosis and ascites has fever and abdominal tenderness. The ascitic fluid neutrophil count is 400 cells/mm³. What does this indicate?
AMalignant ascites from cancer
BNormal ascitic fluid in cirrhosis
CSpontaneous bacterial peritonitis
DBleeding into the abdominal cavity
11.薬理学ふつう
Which group of signs suggests opioid withdrawal?
AConstipation, itching and a slow heart rate
BDry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision and confusion
CPinpoint pupils, slow breathing and drowsiness
DYawning, runny nose, sweating, dilated pupils and diarrhoea
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol develops a painful swollen big toe. Which drug is most likely responsible?
答え: B · It is a last resort, uses the least restrictive option and needs regular checks
これが答えになる理由
Restraint carries risks such as injury, distress and pressure damage. It is used only when alternatives have failed, in the least restrictive form, for the shortest time, with monitoring and documentation.
答え
B · It is a last resort, uses the least restrictive option and needs regular checks
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Put them in a puncture-resistant container with a lid and follow local disposal rules
これが答えになる理由
Home sharps go into a puncture-resistant container, such as an approved sharps container or a rigid plastic bottle if local rules allow, which is closed and disposed of according to local guidance.
答え
D · Put them in a puncture-resistant container with a lid and follow local disposal rules
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia usually appears 5–10 days after starting heparin, with a large fall in platelets and a risk of clotting. The nurse reports at once so heparin can be stopped.
答え: C · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
これが答えになる理由
Nebulisers driven by high-flow oxygen can raise PaCO2 in patients at risk. Air-driven nebulisers are used, with supplementary oxygen via nasal cannulae to keep saturation in the target range.
答え
C · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · The appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
これが答えになる理由
Perforation may briefly relieve the pain as pressure in the appendix falls, followed by generalised peritonitis. This needs urgent surgical review, IV fluids and antibiotics.
答え
D · The appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · 厳格な手指衛生、体温の確認、感染症のある面会者をなくすこと
これが答えになる理由
重度の好中球減少症は、感染のリスクが高いです。手指衛生、発熱の早期の認識、感染源からの保護が重要です。花は微生物を運ぶことがあり、直腸への処置は粘膜を傷つけ、肺炎の同室者は感染リスクです。確認に用いた資料:Low white blood cell count and cancer · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
B · 厳格な手指衛生、体温の確認、感染症のある面会者をなくすこと
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
これが答えになる理由
An ascitic neutrophil count of 250 cells/mm³ or more indicates spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which is treated with antibiotics. It can occur without classic signs, so new confusion or worsening kidney function in cirrhosis should also prompt a diagnostic paracentesis.確認に用いた資料:Ascites · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Peritonitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
C · Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
11.薬理学
答え: D · Yawning, runny nose, sweating, dilated pupils and diarrhoea
これが答えになる理由
Opioid withdrawal causes rhinorrhoea, lacrimation, yawning, sweating, mydriasis, cramps, diarrhoea and anxiety. It is very unpleasant but rarely life-threatening in healthy adults.
答え
D · Yawning, runny nose, sweating, dilated pupils and diarrhoea
12.薬理学
答え: C · Pyrazinamide
これが答えになる理由
Pyrazinamide reduces uric acid excretion and can cause hyperuricaemia and gout. It is also hepatotoxic, like isoniazid and rifampicin.
答え: D · A patient with heart failure who is newly confused, with SpO₂ 89%
これが答えになる理由
New confusion with hypoxaemia suggests acute deterioration and needs immediate assessment. A COPD patient within their usual target range, a request for tea and an improving DVT are not urgent. Delegated observations must be reported and acted on promptly.
答え
D · A patient with heart failure who is newly confused, with SpO₂ 89%
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Check glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate
これが答えになる理由
Exercise increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, so hypos can occur during and for hours after activity. Checking glucose, carrying carbohydrate and, if advised, adjusting insulin or food reduce the risk.
答え
A · Check glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Aspirin
これが答えになる理由
Aspirin (salicylates) displaces thyroid hormone from binding proteins, raising free hormone levels. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and external cooling are used instead, together with treatment for the storm itself.
答え
B · Aspirin
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Palliative radiotherapy to the area
これが答えになる理由
A single fraction or short course of radiotherapy relieves pain from bone metastases in many patients. Analgesia, including NSAIDs where suitable, and bone-targeted drugs are also used.
答え: A · At least 6 wet nappies a day and yellow stools
これが答えになる理由
Signs of adequate intake include 6 or more wet nappies and several yellow stools a day by day 5 or 6, steady weight gain and a content baby after feeds. Most babies regain birth weight by about 2 weeks.
答え
A · At least 6 wet nappies a day and yellow stools
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · "I will check my glucose as shown and record it."
これが答えになる理由
Regular glucose monitoring with records guides treatment changes. Skipping meals can cause hypoglycaemia and ketosis, insulin does not cross the placenta in a meaningful amount, and fetal growth is monitored.
答え
D · "I will check my glucose as shown and record it."
21.小児看護
答え: B · Keep the baby nil by mouth, raise the head and suction the upper pouch as needed
これが答えになる理由
Nothing is given by mouth because it would pool and be inhaled. The head is raised and a tube in the upper pouch is used for continuous or frequent suction, while the baby is prepared for surgery.
答え
B · Keep the baby nil by mouth, raise the head and suction the upper pouch as needed
22.小児看護
答え: B · 500 g, about 5% of his body weight, mostly fluid
これが答えになる理由
10 kg − 9.5 kg = 0.5 kg; 0.5 ÷ 10 = 5%. Rapid weight loss during acute illness is mostly fluid, so it is a useful measure of the degree of dehydration, alongside clinical signs.
答え
B · 500 g, about 5% of his body weight, mostly fluid
23.精神看護
答え: A · It blocks NMDA glutamate receptors
これが答えになる理由
Memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist used in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It may be combined with a cholinesterase inhibitor.
答え
A · It blocks NMDA glutamate receptors
24.精神看護
答え: A · Provide orientation cues, make sure glasses and hearing aids are used, and involve the family
これが答えになる理由
Non-drug measures, such as clocks and calendars, sensory aids, a normal sleep-wake cycle, mobility, hydration and familiar people, help while the underlying cause is treated. Restraints and frequent moves worsen delirium.
答え
A · Provide orientation cues, make sure glasses and hearing aids are used, and involve the family
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
20000/500 = 40 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 800/40 = 20 mL/h
答え
R = 20 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 137.5 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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