答え: C · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
これが答えになる理由
Liquid on electrical equipment can cause shock or failure. The device is turned off and unplugged without touching wet parts, the patient’s infusion is managed with another device, and the pump is checked by the biomedical team.
答え
C · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
これが答えになる理由
Patients on airborne precautions stay in the negative-pressure room with the door closed, leaving only for essential tests while wearing a surgical mask. The nurse explains why and helps the patient cope with confinement.
答え
C · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Stop the infusion and remove the cannula
これが答えになる理由
A cool, pale, swollen site suggests infiltration. The nurse stops the infusion, removes the cannula, elevates the limb and restarts the IV at another site as needed.
答え
D · Stop the infusion and remove the cannula
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
これが答えになる理由
In COPD, drowsiness can be a sign of carbon dioxide retention (hypercapnia), even when the saturation is acceptable. The nurse assesses breathing, escalates and avoids extra oxygen or sedatives that could worsen it.
答え
D · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Thyroid function, the lungs and the skin's sensitivity to sunlight
これが答えになる理由
Amiodarone can cause hypo- or hyperthyroidism, pulmonary fibrosis, liver problems and photosensitivity. Regular monitoring of thyroid and liver function is needed.
答え
C · Thyroid function, the lungs and the skin's sensitivity to sunlight
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Restoring blood flow through the blocked coronary artery quickly
これが答えになる理由
ST-elevation myocardial infarction means a coronary artery is usually completely blocked. Urgent reperfusion by primary PCI, or thrombolysis if PCI is not available in time, limits the amount of heart muscle that dies.
答え
C · Restoring blood flow through the blocked coronary artery quickly
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · ビタミン K を多く含む食品の摂取量を、日によって変えず一定に保つ
これが答えになる理由
ビタミン K はワルファリンに拮抗するため、葉物野菜が大幅に増えると INR が低下します。患者はこうした食品を避ける必要はありませんが、用量を正しく設定できるよう、量を一定に保つべきです。
答え
B · ビタミン K を多く含む食品の摂取量を、日によって変えず一定に保つ
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
これが答えになる理由
A rising troponin with chest pain indicates acute myocardial injury, possibly infarction, which needs urgent assessment and treatment. High cholesterol is a long-term risk, a falling BNP shows improvement, and a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L is normal.
答え
B · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
11.薬理学
答え: D · Avoid alcohol and report jaundice, dark urine or poor appetite
これが答えになる理由
Isoniazid can cause hepatitis, and alcohol increases the risk. Signs of liver injury are reported at once, and liver tests may be checked.
答え
D · Avoid alcohol and report jaundice, dark urine or poor appetite
12.薬理学
答え: C · Intravenous calcium gluconate
これが答えになる理由
IV calcium stabilises the myocardial cell membrane within minutes and reduces the risk of arrhythmia. Other treatments then shift potassium into cells (insulin with glucose) or remove it from the body.
答え: C · "I will keep my mobile phone in my shirt pocket over the device."
これが答えになる理由
Patients are advised to keep mobile phones at least about 15 cm from the device and to hold them to the opposite ear. They carry a device card, tell staff before MRI or surgery (diathermy) and attend follow-up checks. Normal household appliances are generally safe.
答え
C · "I will keep my mobile phone in my shirt pocket over the device."
答え: B · Inform the anaesthetist, as surgery may be delayed
これが答えになる理由
Solid food is usually stopped 6 hours before anaesthesia because of aspiration risk. The anaesthetist decides whether to delay or change the plan; the nurse reports accurately and does not hide the information.
答え
B · Inform the anaesthetist, as surgery may be delayed
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · A baby of a GBS-positive mother with no antibiotics
これが答えになる理由
GBS colonisation, no intrapartum antibiotics, prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal fever and prematurity increase the risk. Intrapartum IV antibiotics greatly lower early-onset GBS disease.
答え
D · A baby of a GBS-positive mother with no antibiotics
答え: D · Unstable temperature, poor feeding, lethargy and breathing difficulty
これが答えになる理由
Neonatal sepsis may present with temperature instability, poor feeding, lethargy, irritability, apnoea, breathing difficulty or jaundice. Early-onset sepsis, often due to group B streptococcus, needs prompt cultures and IV antibiotics.
答え
D · Unstable temperature, poor feeding, lethargy and breathing difficulty
22.小児看護
答え: D · About 6 or more wet nappies a day, regular yellow stools and steady weight gain
これが答えになる理由
After the first few days, signs of good intake include at least about 6 heavy wet nappies a day, frequent yellow stools, contented behaviour after feeds and weight gain. Most babies regain their birth weight by about 2 weeks.
答え
D · About 6 or more wet nappies a day, regular yellow stools and steady weight gain
23.精神看護
答え: C · It is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
これが答えになる理由
As a partial agonist, aripiprazole lowers dopamine activity where it is high and supports it where it is low. It is less likely to raise prolactin or cause sedation, but akathisia is a common side effect.
答え
C · It is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 40 個、1500 ÷ 40 ≈ 38 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.60 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.80 秒、75 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.20 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.08 秒で幅が狭い(0.12 秒未満)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。