A patient's blood pressure is much higher than in all previous readings. What is the best first step?
ATell the patient they are having a stroke
BRecheck it, making sure the technique and cuff size are correct
CIgnore it, as it must be a machine error
DRecord it and give an extra dose of the blood pressure tablet
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A competent adult who is a Jehovah's Witness refuses a blood transfusion that the team believes is needed. Which two ethical principles are in conflict?
AAutonomy and beneficence
BFidelity and justice
CVeracity and non-maleficence
DJustice and veracity
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which technique is used for suctioning a tracheostomy in hospital?
AClean technique, with the catheter rinsed in tap water
BClean technique, reusing the catheter during the shift
CNo gloves at all, because the airway already contains bacteria
DSterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient about home oxygen safety. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
B“I will keep my oxygen away from the stove.”
C“I will keep my spare cylinders upright and secured.”
D“I will put a ‘no smoking’ sign on my front door for visitors.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient on a medical unit tells the nurse he has a plan to end his life and has saved tablets at home. What is the priority action?
AAsk him to promise he will not harm himself
BEnsure constant observation and remove anything he could use to harm himself
CArrange a psychiatry appointment for next week
DReassure him that things usually look better in the morning after some sleep
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
看護師が最初に対応すべき看護助手の報告はどれですか?
A糖尿病の患者が、いつもどおり足がよくピリピリすると言う
B肺炎の患者が黄色い痰を出した
C安静臥床の患者が、便器を求めている
D今朝の腰椎固定術の後、脚の感覚がなく動かせない
7.臨床看護学ふつう
これから輸血を始めます。最も重要な安全確認は?
A患者の食事の好みを確認すること
B患者の体重だけを確認すること
Cベッドサイドで、患者の確実な本人確認を血液製剤と照合すること
Dすべての血液を電子レンジで温めること
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Why must severe chronic hyponatraemia be corrected slowly?
ASodium given quickly causes immediate cardiac arrest
BFast correction causes severe hypoglycaemia and seizures in most patients
CFast correction makes the kidneys stop producing urine
DToo-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
During a red cell transfusion, when are serious acute reactions most likely, so the nurse stays with the patient?
A patient takes cholestyramine. How should other oral medicines be timed?
ATiming does not matter, as cholestyramine is not absorbed
BTake them 1 hour before or several hours after cholestyramine
CTake them all at the same time as cholestyramine
DMix them into the cholestyramine drink so they are taken together
12.薬理学むずかしい
A ventilated ICU patient receives vecuronium, a neuromuscular blocker. Why must sedation and pain relief also be given?
ASedatives are needed to prevent vecuronium from causing seizures and agitation
BVecuronium causes severe pain at the injection site
CVecuronium stops working unless a sedative is also given
DNeuromuscular blockers paralyse muscles but do not cause sedation or analgesia
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient who had a stroke has a weak swallow. Which measure most reduces the risk of aspiration pneumonia?
AA swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
BLying flat for 30 minutes after eating to aid digestion
CGiving thin fluids quickly through a straw between meals
DGiving meals while the patient is drowsy
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with severe sepsis becomes increasingly breathless over 24 hours. SpO₂ stays low despite high-flow oxygen, and the chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates. The heart function is normal. Which condition is most likely?
ASpontaneous pneumothorax
BAcute left ventricular failure after an MI
CAcute respiratory distress syndrome
DAn acute asthma attack
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
脊髄損傷の患者で、自律神経過反射の最も多い誘因はどれですか?
A膀胱の充満またはカテーテルの閉塞
B低血糖
C長時間の睡眠
D夜に急いで食べた大量の食事
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?
AIgnore it, because it shows that the patient is seeking attention from the staff
BTell the patient that crying will slow their recovery
CAsk the doctor for a sedative to stop the outbursts
DExplain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which treatment often relieves pain from a bone metastasis?
AComplete bed rest for a month
BPalliative radiotherapy to the area
CIron supplements by mouth for several months
DA diet low in calcium and vitamin D
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Which new prescription for a patient with cirrhosis should the nurse question?
ALactulose to keep the bowels open
BRegular ibuprofen for back pain
CSpironolactone for ascites
DThiamine supplements
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which measure helps prevent infant abduction from a maternity unit?
ALetting any visitor carry the baby in the corridor
BLeaving babies in the nursery overnight
CChecking staff ID before handing over a baby
DPosting the baby's name and room on the door
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A newborn has excessive frothy saliva and chokes and turns blue with the first feed. What is the priority?
AGive the baby water instead of milk
BPlace the baby on its back to sleep
CStop feeding and report it urgently
DContinue feeding more slowly
21.小児看護ふつう
What is a normal capillary refill time in a child?
A8 to 10 seconds
B5 seconds or less
C2 seconds or less
D15 to 20 seconds
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 6-month-old has just learned to roll over. Which safety advice is most urgent now?
ATeach her not to touch the hot oven door
BNever leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
CInstall locks on all kitchen cupboards and drawers
DTurn pan handles towards the back of the stove and fit a guard around the cooker
答え: B · Recheck it, making sure the technique and cuff size are correct
これが答えになる理由
Unexpected findings are validated before action. If the repeat reading is still high, the nurse assesses for symptoms and reports it.
答え
B · Recheck it, making sure the technique and cuff size are correct
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Autonomy and beneficence
これが答えになる理由
The patient's right to decide (autonomy) conflicts with the team's wish to do good (beneficence). A valid refusal by a competent adult is respected, and alternatives to blood are explored.
答え
A · Autonomy and beneficence
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
これが答えになる理由
In hospital, tracheal suctioning uses sterile technique to avoid introducing organisms into the lower airway. Clean technique may be taught for long-term home care, according to policy.
答え
D · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · “I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
これが答えになる理由
Oxygen supports combustion, so open flames such as candles, matches, gas stoves and cigarettes must be kept away whatever the flow rate. The other statements are correct.
答え
A · “I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Ensure constant observation and remove anything he could use to harm himself
これが答えになる理由
A patient with a plan and means is at high risk. Safety comes first: constant observation, removal of means and urgent referral. A “no-harm promise” does not protect the patient.
答え
B · Ensure constant observation and remove anything he could use to harm himself
答え: D · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
これが答えになる理由
In chronic hyponatraemia brain cells adapt to the low tonicity. A rapid rise in sodium draws water out too fast and can cause osmotic demyelination, so the correction rate is limited and sodium is checked often.
答え
D · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · In the first 15 minutes
これが答えになる理由
Acute hemolytic and anaphylactic reactions usually appear early, so the transfusion is started slowly and the nurse stays with the patient for about the first 15 minutes, checking vital signs before, during and after according to policy.
答え: B · Take them 1 hour before or several hours after cholestyramine
これが答えになる理由
Bile acid sequestrants bind many drugs, such as warfarin, digoxin and levothyroxine, as well as fat-soluble vitamins. Other drugs are taken about 1 hour before or 4–6 hours after it.
答え
B · Take them 1 hour before or several hours after cholestyramine
12.薬理学
答え: D · Neuromuscular blockers paralyse muscles but do not cause sedation or analgesia
これが答えになる理由
Neuromuscular blockers cause paralysis but leave awareness and pain sensation intact. Without sedation and analgesia, the patient could be awake and in pain while unable to move.
答え
D · Neuromuscular blockers paralyse muscles but do not cause sedation or analgesia
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · A swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
これが答えになる理由
Patients with dysphagia need a formal swallowing assessment, food and fluid textures that are safe for them, sitting upright during and after meals and close supervision. Good oral hygiene also reduces the bacterial load that can be aspirated.
答え
A · A swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Acute respiratory distress syndrome
これが答えになる理由
ARDS is acute, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema caused by widespread inflammation, triggered by sepsis, pneumonia, trauma or pancreatitis. It causes severe hypoxaemia that responds poorly to oxygen, with bilateral infiltrates not explained by heart failure. Treatment includes lung-protective ventilation and often prone positioning.
答え: D · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
これが答えになる理由
Emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) is common after stroke: crying or laughter does not match the person's mood. Explaining it, staying calm and gently distracting the patient helps. True depression is also common and should be screened for separately.
答え
D · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Palliative radiotherapy to the area
これが答えになる理由
A single fraction or short course of radiotherapy relieves pain from bone metastases in many patients. Analgesia, including NSAIDs where suitable, and bone-targeted drugs are also used.
答え
B · Palliative radiotherapy to the area
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Regular ibuprofen for back pain
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs can cause kidney injury, fluid retention and GI bleeding in cirrhosis and should be avoided. Paracetamol at a reduced, carefully reviewed dose is usually preferred for pain.
答え
B · Regular ibuprofen for back pain
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Checking staff ID before handing over a baby
これが答えになる理由
Matching ID bands, checking staff identification and teaching parents to hand their baby only to identified staff are key. Information about the baby should not be displayed publicly.
答え
C · Checking staff ID before handing over a baby
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Stop feeding and report it urgently
これが答えになる理由
Drooling and choking with feeds suggest oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Feeding is stopped, the pouch is suctioned and the baby is kept upright while surgical review is arranged.
答え
C · Stop feeding and report it urgently
21.小児看護
答え: C · 2 seconds or less
これが答えになる理由
A capillary refill time of 2 seconds or less is normal. A longer time suggests poor perfusion, as in dehydration or shock, though a cold environment can also prolong it.
答え
C · 2 seconds or less
22.小児看護
答え: B · Never leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
これが答えになる理由
Rolling makes falls from raised surfaces the main immediate risk, so a hand should always stay on the baby on any raised surface. Cupboard locks and kitchen safety become important as she starts to crawl and pull to stand.
答え
B · Never leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
答え: D · "I'm glad our talks help. All the staff here are working with you, and it's important that you can talk to them too."
これが答えになる理由
Accepting the role of the "only" helper encourages dependence and splitting. The nurse acknowledges the patient's feeling and encourages trust in the whole team, which keeps care consistent.
答え
D · "I'm glad our talks help. All the staff here are working with you, and it's important that you can talk to them too."
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