An IV cannula site is swollen, cool and pale, and the infusion has slowed. What should the nurse do first?
AIncrease the infusion rate to clear the blockage
BFlush the cannula hard with saline
CStop the infusion and remove the cannula
DApply a warm pack and keep the infusion running
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A pulse oximeter reads 82% on a patient with cold hands who is talking in full sentences with a normal respiratory rate. What is the best first action?
AIgnore the reading because the patient looks well
BRemove any oxygen because the reading must be wrong
CRecord the reading and recheck it at the next routine set of observations
DCheck the patient and probe, then warm the hand or move the probe
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A patient in bed has a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. What should the nurse do?
ATurn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
BGive sips of water to keep the airway moist
CPut a padded tongue blade between the teeth to protect the tongue from biting
DHold the arms and legs firmly to stop the movements
A patient on hemodialysis has an arteriovenous fistula in the left arm. Which instruction should the nurse give the nursing assistant?
AHelp the patient carry shopping bags on the left arm
BDo not measure blood pressure on the left arm
CKeep the left arm wrapped tightly in a bandage at night
DMeasure blood pressure on the left arm only, every 4 hours
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
忙しい勤務中に、4 つの業務が予定されています。看護師が最初に行うべきなのはどれですか?
A安定した患者が明日のメニューカードを記入するのを手伝うこと
B同じ時刻に予定されている、毎日のビタミン錠の定時投与
C敗血症が疑われる患者への、静脈内抗菌薬の初回投与
D管理者の監査の前に、看護計画を更新すること
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which rule is essential for safe use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)?
AThe button should be pressed before each meal
BOnly the patient should press the button
CRelatives should press it while the patient sleeps
DThe nurse should press it every hour
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
In a patient with a head injury, which is usually the earliest sign of rising intracranial pressure?
AA fixed, dilated pupil on both sides
BIrregular breathing pauses
CA slow pulse with high blood pressure
DA change in level of consciousness
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
血糖が 54 mg/dL(3.0 mmol/L)の意識のある患者が、即効性の糖質 15 g を摂取しました。血糖はいつ再測定すべきですか?
A約 15 分後
B翌朝
C次の食事のとき
D約 2 時間後
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has sudden episodes of severe headache, sweating, palpitations and very high blood pressure. Which test is most useful to look for the cause?
APlasma free metanephrines
BSerum TSH and free T4
CSerum calcium only
DFasting lipid profile
11.薬理学ふつう
Which statement about allopurinol is correct?
AIt increases uric acid production to flush out crystals
BIt works within an hour to relieve joint pain
CIt is taken only during an acute attack and stopped as soon as the pain settles
DIt lowers uric acid over time and does not relieve the pain of an acute attack
These are signs of infiltration. The infusion is stopped, the cannula removed, the limb elevated and the event documented. A new cannula is sited elsewhere if still needed.
答え
C · Stop the infusion and remove the cannula
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Check the patient and probe, then warm the hand or move the probe
これが答えになる理由
Cold peripheries, movement and nail varnish can give falsely low readings. The nurse assesses the patient first, then checks the waveform and probe site; a low reading is never ignored until it is explained.
答え
D · Check the patient and probe, then warm the hand or move the probe
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Turn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
これが答えになる理由
The nurse stays with the patient, turns them to the side to keep the airway clear, moves hard objects away and times the seizure. Objects in the mouth and restraint can cause injury.
答え
A · Turn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
答え: B · Do not measure blood pressure on the left arm
これが答えになる理由
Blood pressure cuffs, tight bands and heavy loads can damage or block a fistula. The arm with the access is protected, and the nurse checks it for a thrill and bruit.
If the patient becomes too sedated, they stop pressing the button, which protects them. When others press it, this safety mechanism is lost and overdose can occur.
答え
B · Only the patient should press the button
8.臨床看護学
答え: D · A change in level of consciousness
これが答えになる理由
Subtle changes in consciousness, such as restlessness, confusion or a falling GCS, are often the first signs. Pupil changes and Cushing's triad (hypertension, bradycardia, irregular breathing) are late signs.
These episodes suggest pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal medulla that releases catecholamines. Plasma free metanephrines (or 24-hour urine metanephrines) are the main screening tests. Hyperthyroidism can cause similar symptoms but usually without these bursts of severe hypertension.確認に用いた資料:Pheochromocytoma · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
A · Plasma free metanephrines
11.薬理学
答え: D · It lowers uric acid over time and does not relieve the pain of an acute attack
これが答えになる理由
Allopurinol reduces urate production and is taken daily to prevent attacks. Acute attacks are treated with NSAIDs, colchicine or corticosteroids, and a new rash on allopurinol must be reported.
答え
D · It lowers uric acid over time and does not relieve the pain of an acute attack
答え: D · The nose and upper airway, which warm and moisten air, are bypassed
これが答えになる理由
The tracheostomy bypasses the nose, mouth and pharynx, which warm, filter and humidify air. Without humidification, secretions become thick and can block the tube. Heat and moisture exchangers, humidified oxygen and nebulised saline are used.
答え
D · The nose and upper airway, which warm and moisten air, are bypassed
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Continue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
これが答えになる理由
Pulseless electrical activity is a non-shockable rhythm. Treatment is high-quality CPR, adrenaline as soon as possible and repeated, and a search for reversible causes (the 4 Hs and 4 Ts, such as hypoxia, hypovolaemia, tension pneumothorax and tamponade). Shocks are only for VF and pulseless VT.
答え
B · Continue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Kidney stones, bone pain, abdominal pain and low mood
これが答えになる理由
High PTH raises calcium, which can cause kidney stones, bone loss and pain, constipation and abdominal pain, and low mood or confusion ("stones, bones, groans and moans"). Many cases are found on routine blood tests.
答え
B · Kidney stones, bone pain, abdominal pain and low mood
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · A bleed into the eye from retinopathy, needing urgent review
これが答えになる理由
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy causes fragile new blood vessels that can bleed into the vitreous, causing sudden floaters or vision loss. It needs same-day or urgent ophthalmology review. Retinal detachment is also possible.
答え
D · A bleed into the eye from retinopathy, needing urgent review
答え: C · Radiation oesophagitis; analgesia, soft food and nutrition support
これが答えになる理由
Radiotherapy to the chest can inflame the oesophagus, causing painful swallowing. Analgesia (sometimes before meals), soft moist food, nutritional supplements, dietitian input and monitoring weight are important.
答え
C · Radiation oesophagitis; analgesia, soft food and nutrition support
答え: C · Left atrial pressure rises above right atrial pressure
これが答えになる理由
With the first breaths, pulmonary resistance falls and more blood returns to the left atrium, while cord clamping lowers right-sided pressure. The higher left atrial pressure pushes the flap of the foramen ovale shut.
答え
C · Left atrial pressure rises above right atrial pressure
21.小児看護
答え: B · A written allergy action plan, with in-date auto-injectors and trained staff
これが答えになる理由
Schools need an individual action plan describing symptoms and steps, staff trained to recognise anaphylaxis and give adrenaline, and auto-injectors that are always quickly available. Avoiding the allergen and not sharing food also help.
答え
B · A written allergy action plan, with in-date auto-injectors and trained staff
22.小児看護
答え: A · Slower breathing, easier speech and less use of the neck and chest muscles
これが答えになる理由
Improvement shows as a lower respiratory rate, easier speech, less accessory muscle use and better oxygen saturation. A quiet chest with drowsiness signals exhaustion and danger, and tripod positioning shows ongoing distress.
答え
A · Slower breathing, easier speech and less use of the neck and chest muscles
23.精神看護
答え: B · If still awake after about 20 minutes, get up, do something calm and return when sleepy
これが答えになる理由
Stimulus control strengthens the bed as a cue for sleep. Getting up when unable to sleep, using the bed only for sleep and intimacy, and keeping a regular wake time are key parts.
答え
B · If still awake after about 20 minutes, get up, do something calm and return when sleepy
24.精神看護
答え: D · Talk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
これが答えになる理由
Signs of financial abuse and neglect require a private conversation, careful documentation and reporting through safeguarding procedures. Confrontation could increase the risk to her.
答え
D · Talk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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