答え: A · Low body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
これが答えになる理由
Hypothermia causes vasoconstriction and less oxygen in the wound, which weakens the immune defense. Keeping the patient warm is linked to fewer surgical site infections.
答え
A · Low body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
答え: C · Hold the warfarin dose and inform the provider
これが答えになる理由
An INR well above target raises the risk of serious bleeding. The nurse holds the dose, informs the provider and watches for bleeding. Without bleeding, holding warfarin is usually enough at this level; vitamin K is mainly used for very high INRs or bleeding.
答え
C · Hold the warfarin dose and inform the provider
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · The injury does not fit the infant’s development, so possible abuse must be reported
これが答えになる理由
Most 2-month-olds cannot roll, and a spiral fracture in a non-mobile infant suggests a twisting force. Nurses must report suspected abuse according to law and policy.
答え
D · The injury does not fit the infant’s development, so possible abuse must be reported
7.臨床看護学
答え: B · Protect the head, time the seizure and do not put anything in the mouth
これが答えになる理由
Remove nearby hazards, cushion the head, note the time and do not restrain or put objects in the mouth. Once jerking stops, place the patient in the recovery position and check the airway.
答え
B · Protect the head, time the seizure and do not put anything in the mouth
When warfarin is started or its dose changes, the INR is checked frequently (often every few days) until it is stable in the target range. After that, the interval can be extended, often up to every 4 weeks or longer if very stable.
答え: D · A common infusion reaction to amphotericin B
これが答えになる理由
Amphotericin B often causes fever, rigors and nausea during infusion. Premedication and a slower rate can reduce them, and kidney function and electrolytes are monitored.
答え
D · A common infusion reaction to amphotericin B
12.薬理学
答え: C · Blockade of sympathetic nerves causes vasodilation
これが答えになる理由
Epidural local anaesthetics block sympathetic fibres as well as sensory nerves. This dilates blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, so fluids, position changes or vasopressors may be needed.
答え
C · Blockade of sympathetic nerves causes vasodilation
答え: D · Directly observed therapy with support for barriers to adherence
これが答えになる理由
Directly observed therapy, where a health worker watches each dose, plus help with practical and social barriers, improves completion and reduces multidrug-resistant TB. Single-drug therapy or interrupted treatment breeds resistance.
答え
D · Directly observed therapy with support for barriers to adherence
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Ask questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture
これが答えになる理由
In expressive aphasia, comprehension is largely preserved. Short, closed questions, extra time, gestures and picture or word boards help. Shouting does not help, and constantly finishing sentences can frustrate the patient.
答え
B · Ask questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · A patient with a nephrostomy who has rigors and a BP of 86/50 mmHg
これが答えになる理由
Rigors and hypotension in a patient with a nephrostomy suggest urosepsis, which needs immediate assessment and treatment. Light pink drainage after TURP is expected. The other patients are stable.
答え
D · A patient with a nephrostomy who has rigors and a BP of 86/50 mmHg
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Anaesthesia, drugs and some tests may harm a fetus
これが答えになる理由
Unknown pregnancy can change the decision to operate, the timing, and the choice of drugs and X-rays. Testing is offered with consent, according to local policy.
答え
B · Anaesthesia, drugs and some tests may harm a fetus
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Potassium 2.9 mmol/L
これが答えになる理由
Normal potassium is about 3.5–5.0 mmol/L. Hypokalaemia increases the risk of arrhythmias during anaesthesia and needs correction before elective surgery. The other results are within normal ranges.
答え: C · To prevent new strep infections that could cause further attacks and more valve damage
これが答えになる理由
Recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever follow new group A streptococcal infections and worsen rheumatic heart disease. Long-term secondary prophylaxis with penicillin prevents these infections; it does not reverse existing damage.
答え
C · To prevent new strep infections that could cause further attacks and more valve damage
23.精神看護
答え: C · Rating the severity of alcohol withdrawal to guide treatment
これが答えになる理由
The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol, revised (CIWA-Ar), scores withdrawal signs and symptoms. Repeated scores guide symptom-triggered benzodiazepine treatment.
答え
C · Rating the severity of alcohol withdrawal to guide treatment
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
25·60/20 = 75 mL/h
体積
V = 75·12 = 900 mL
答え
V = 900 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: R = 11.25 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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