A patient at 36 weeks of pregnancy has sudden severe abdominal pain, a hard, board-like uterus and dark vaginal bleeding. What should the nurse suspect?
APlacental abruption, which is an emergency
BA urinary tract infection
CPlacenta previa, which is usually painless
DNormal labor contractions starting
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which ECG change is typical of hypokalaemia?
AA very short PR interval with a delta wave
BST elevation in leads II, III and aVF
CTall, peaked T waves
DFlattened T waves and prominent U waves
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A potassium result of 6.9 mmol/L comes back on a well patient with a normal ECG, and the laboratory reports that the sample was haemolysed. What is the best action?
AStart a potassium supplement
BRepeat the blood test promptly, as haemolysis can falsely raise potassium
CIgnore the result because the patient looks well and the ECG is normal
DGive IV insulin and glucose straight away
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
After surgery for colon cancer, a patient's CEA had fallen to normal, but it has been rising over the last two checks. What does this most likely suggest?
AA normal change after surgery that needs no follow-up
BA sign of iron deficiency from the earlier bleeding
CPossible recurrence that needs further assessment
After anaesthesia the airway and breathing are checked first, then circulation, consciousness, pain, the wound, drains and fluids.
答え
A · Airway and breathing
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · "I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
これが答えになる理由
Vitamin K in green vegetables opposes warfarin, so a stable intake keeps the INR steady. Cutting them out suddenly can make the INR rise; bleeding signs and blood tests are correct points.
答え
A · "I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Pick it up by the hub or with forceps, put it in a sharps container and report it
これが答えになる理由
A loose needle is a hazard to everyone who handles the linen. The nurse disposes of it safely without recapping, using an instrument if needed, and reports the incident so the cause can be addressed.
答え
A · Pick it up by the hub or with forceps, put it in a sharps container and report it
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Assess the patient for injury before moving them
これが答えになる理由
The first step is to stay with the patient and assess them, including consciousness, vital signs and signs of fracture or head injury, before deciding how to move them. Notifying the provider, documenting and reporting come afterwards.
答え
D · Assess the patient for injury before moving them
答え: A · Placental abruption, which is an emergency
これが答えになる理由
Painful bleeding with a rigid, tender uterus suggests placental abruption, where the placenta separates early. Mother and baby are at risk, so urgent escalation and monitoring are needed.
答え
A · Placental abruption, which is an emergency
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Flattened T waves and prominent U waves
これが答えになる理由
Low potassium causes flattened or inverted T waves, ST depression and U waves. It increases the risk of arrhythmias, especially in patients on digoxin.
答え
D · Flattened T waves and prominent U waves
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Repeat the blood test promptly, as haemolysis can falsely raise potassium
これが答えになる理由
Haemolysis in the tube releases intracellular potassium, giving a falsely high reading. The result still needs prompt repeating and review, because true hyperkalaemia cannot be excluded.
答え
B · Repeat the blood test promptly, as haemolysis can falsely raise potassium
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Possible recurrence that needs further assessment
これが答えになる理由
CEA is not specific enough for screening, but a rising level after successful treatment can signal recurrence, so imaging and further assessment are usually arranged. Smoking and some benign conditions can also raise CEA.
答え
C · Possible recurrence that needs further assessment
答え: B · Unusual vaginal bleeding or a painful swollen leg
これが答えになる理由
Tamoxifen has oestrogen-like effects on the uterus and clotting, increasing the risk of endometrial cancer and venous thromboembolism. Hot flushes are common and expected.
答え
B · Unusual vaginal bleeding or a painful swollen leg
12.薬理学
答え: C · Severe bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced
これが答えになる理由
Azathioprine is converted to mercaptopurine, which is partly inactivated by xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol blocks this enzyme, so levels rise and dangerous myelosuppression can occur unless the dose is greatly reduced or the combination avoided.
答え
C · Severe bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · It raises statin levels and the risk of muscle damage
これが答えになる理由
Grapefruit juice inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, increasing levels of drugs such as simvastatin and some calcium channel blockers. Higher statin levels raise the risk of myopathy. Patients are advised to avoid large amounts or choose a statin not affected.
答え
B · It raises statin levels and the risk of muscle damage
Many urinary pathogens convert dietary nitrate to nitrite, so a positive nitrite test supports a bacterial UTI. A negative result does not rule infection out. Leucocytes on the dipstick show white cells.
答え
C · Bacteria that convert nitrate are present
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Gentamicin
これが答えになる理由
Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin can impair neuromuscular transmission and trigger a myasthenic crisis. Fluoroquinolones, magnesium and some other drugs carry similar warnings. The nurse checks with the prescriber before giving it.
答え
C · Gentamicin
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Intrinsic factor from the stomach is no longer made
これが答えになる理由
Parietal cells of the stomach make intrinsic factor, which is needed for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. Without it, pernicious-type anaemia and neuropathy develop unless B12 is given by injection.
答え
C · Intrinsic factor from the stomach is no longer made
答え: A · Lap belt under the bump, shoulder belt between the breasts
これが答えになる理由
The lap belt should sit low under the abdomen across the hips and thighs, with the shoulder belt across the chest and to the side of the bump. Wearing a seat belt greatly reduces maternal and fetal injury.
答え
A · Lap belt under the bump, shoulder belt between the breasts
答え: B · "Her rear-facing seat can go in the front passenger seat with the airbag switched on."
これが答えになる理由
A rear-facing seat must never be used in front of an active airbag, because the inflating airbag can strike the back of the seat and seriously injure the child. The other statements show correct use.
答え
B · "Her rear-facing seat can go in the front passenger seat with the airbag switched on."
23.精神看護
答え: A · Remove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts, cords and sharp objects
これが答えになる理由
A safe environment removes potential ligatures and sharp objects and limits access to medicines. Patients at high risk are usually placed where staff can observe them easily.
答え
A · Remove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts, cords and sharp objects
24.精神看護
答え: C · Report the concern immediately to the nurse in charge, following policy, to protect patients
これが答えになる理由
An impaired nurse is a risk to patients. The concern is reported at once through the proper channel so the colleague can be removed from patient care and offered support through the organisation's procedures.
答え
C · Report the concern immediately to the nurse in charge, following policy, to protect patients
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
7.5·12 = 90 mg
答え
D = 90 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: R = 10 mL/h
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
25000/500 = 50 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 500/50 = 10 mL/h
答え
R = 10 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 190 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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